1. concept of cardiovascular disease as non communicable disease.

Cardiovascular Diseases

Introduction

  • Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD): Aims to highlight the significance and scope of cardiovascular issues.

Noncommunicable Diseases

  • Definition: Impairs bodily structure/function, leading to long-term modifications in normal life.

  • Characteristics:

    • Permanent impairment

    • Residual disability

    • Non-reversible pathological alterations

    • Requires rehabilitation training

    • Necessitates prolonged supervision or care.

Statistics of Noncommunicable Diseases

  • Global Impact:

    • 41 million deaths annually (74% of global deaths).

    • 17 million individuals die before age 70 due to NCDs, primarily in low/middle-income countries (86% of premature deaths).

Significance of Cardiovascular Diseases

  • Leading cause of death (17.9 million deaths annually).

  • Types include coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, rheumatic heart disease, among others.

  • 80% of CVD deaths result from heart attacks and strokes, one-third under 70 years.

The Cardiovascular System

Anatomy

  • Components:

    • Heart (four chambers: atrium, ventricle)

    • Blood vessels (veins, arteries, capillaries)

    • Main arteries: Aorta, Coronary arteries, etc.

  • Function:

    • Transports blood, nutrients, and wastes throughout the body.

Blood Circulation Process

  1. Oxygen-poor blood enters right atrium via vena cavae.

  2. Blood is pumped to lungs through pulmonary arteries.

  3. Oxygen-rich blood returns to left atrium via pulmonary veins and is pumped to the body via aorta.

Types of Cardiovascular Diseases

  • Coronary Heart Disease (CAD): Impaired heart function due to insufficient blood flow.

  • Cerebrovascular Disease: Includes stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA).

  • Hypertensive Heart Disease: Complications arising from chronic high blood pressure.

  • Rheumatic Heart Disease: Damage from rheumatic fever affecting heart valves.

  • Congenital Heart Disease: Structural heart defects present at birth.

  • Cardiomyopathies: Diseases affecting heart muscle structure/function.

Coronary Heart Disease

  • Definition: Caused by atherogenesis (plaque build-up in coronary arteries).

  • Manifestations: Angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, irregularities of the heart, cardiac failure.

Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack)

  • Occurs when blood supply is blocked, damaging heart muscle.

  • Symptoms: chest pain, shortness of breath, nausea, cold sweats.

Cerebrovascular Disease (Stroke)

  • Definition: Develops rapidly due to vascular issues, lasting over 24 hours.

  • Types of Stroke:

    • Ischemic (thrombotic and embolic)

    • Hemorrhagic (due to rupture of blood vessels).

  • Warning Signs: Sudden weakness, loss of speech, vision issues.

Hypertension and Hypertensive Heart Disease

  • Hypertension: Chronic high blood pressure resultant from lifestyle and genetic factors.

  • Classification: Essential (unknown cause) vs. Secondary (due to known diseases).

  • Elevated blood pressure leads to various complications affecting the heart and vessels.

Types of Vascular Diseases

  • Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD): Circulation disorders affecting vessels outside the brain/heart.

    • Functional PVD: No structural defects, symptoms may be recurrent.

    • Organic PVD: Structural changes present (e.g., peripheral artery disease).

Congenital Heart Disease

  • Definition: Structural anomalies of the heart present at birth.

  • Examples: Atrial septal defect, coarctation of the aorta.

Cardiomyopathy

  • Definition: Diseases affecting heart muscle, affecting pumping ability.

  • Types:

    • Dilated cardiomyopathy

    • Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

    • Restrictive cardiomyopathy.

Investigations for Cardiovascular Disease

  • Diagnostic methods include:

    • Electrocardiogram (ECG)

    • Echocardiography

    • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

    • Angiograms/Angiography

    • Surgical options like balloon angioplasty and coronary bypass surgery (CABG).