Geography of Canada

Intro

• Questions from the textbook, pages provided from the professor.

• Map based in class quizzes.

• Readings after finishing the lectures.

• 7 days before quiz, map with list of places.

Current Issues in Canada

• Potential tariffs.

• federal leadership

• population

• aging infrastructure

• housing

• regionalism

• equalization payments to provinces

The Study of Regional Geography

• Common space —→ Identity, cultures, subcultures.

• Physical geography can impact this ID.

• People imprint on landscapes just as landscapes influence peoples’ lives and activities

Regions

• A distinctive are of Earth’s surface. Distinguished human and natural characteristics that set apart from other areas.

• Regionalism: Division of larger are based on varying characteristics

• Some countries more prone to regionalism than others. Ex. US, UK, Russia, India, China (Tibet), Australia.

  • Countries tend to be large geographically.

• Canada is very prone to regionalism.

Regionalism in Canada

• Prevalent in Canada?

  • Vast geographic size.

  • Different patterns of historic settlement

  • Different cultures and languages

  • Uneven population distribution.

  • BNA Act 1867, gave considerable power to provinces.

Defining Canada’s Regions

• Choose province or grouping.

• Describe area, analyze the economy, study the demographics, understand geography.

Types of Regions

• Uniform Region: Named after characteristic where all location have similarities ex. Vegetation. Grasslands, Forest, Tundra etc.

• Functional Region: How people interact within the region. Ex. Transport networks, Major roads and highways in MB tend to branch out from Winnipeg.

• Cultural Region: Areas based in a sense of belonging and bond. Arises from history, similar values, and common goals. Ex. Francophones in QU.

Faultlines Within Canada

• Boundaries of regions may be related to faultlines.

• Metaphorical differences between 2 areas.

• Metaphors applied to economic, social and political cracks that divide regions.

• 4 Types.

  1. Centralist vs Decentralist Visions of Canada:

     • Federal vs. Provincial Powers.

     • Disputes between Provinces and Fed Gov.

     • Equalization Payments from FED Gov to Provs are common source of feuds.

     • Demography favors ON and QU because majority live there.

     • Other regions perceive FED Gov neglect.

     • No Fed party can form a majority Gov without ON or QU.

     • Ex. Harper (Decentralist) believed in the Energy Sector vs Trudeau (Centralist) Carbon Tax.

  2. English vs French speaking Canadians.

     • FR only language in QU.

     • Political cultural struggle to maintain French as viable language.

     • In QU there is small Faultline, QU separatists.

  3. IND Peoples and Non-IND Majority

     • IND umbrella term 3 Groups: Metis, FN, Inuit.

     • Poverty in communities, unemployment, reserves.

     • Residential school systems. —→ Assimilation

     • Treaties, land claims

     • Resolve? Territory of Nunavut created 1999, to allow Inuit to govern themselves.

     • Table 1.3: Half population in territories is IND, 40% in the Parries.

  4. Newcomers and Old-Timers

     • Canada is a country of immigrants.

     • Immigrants are concentrated in major cities, certain neighborhoods. ——→ Isolation?

Linking Canada’s Regions

• Linking regions through transport.

• CP Railway completed in 1885, lured BC to join Canada through this railine

• BC Joined Canada in 1871

• CN line goes out East

• TRANS CANADA HIGHWAY:

  • Links all 10 provinces.

  • Provinces control their own section of their highways.

• THE GREAT TRAIL:

  • Completed 2017 for 150th Anniverseray, vast majority live within 30 minutes of a section of the Great Trail.

Sense of Place

• A sense of place involves a psychological bond that people have for the area where they were born and raised or for where they currently live

• It arises from the physical landscape of the area, economic activities, and institutional bodies

• Place is the most powerful determinant of a person’s life chances, experiences and opportunities

• A strong sense of place leads to regional consciousness- willingness ti advocate for regional interests.

• Each Canadian region has both a sense of place and regional pride as well as a commitment to federalism

• Collective experiences among people in a region have led to shared aspirations, goals and values

• Each sense of place within a specific city protects against the current phenomena of econ and cultural globalization.

  • Protect the distinct sense of place: Distinctive cityscapes provide an identity that evokes a psychological bond between people and the location

The 6 Regions of Canada

• Why have these areas been defined as regions?

  1. They are manageable sections in a balanced size

  2. They are identifiable by a set of physical features, natural resources and economic strengths

     • ex. BC, Mountains vs Plains.

  3. Broken up on a provincial basis making it easier to study stats of census

  4. Linked to regional ID and sometimes associated w/ regional disputes.

Characteristics of the 6 Regions

• 62 per cent of CAN’s population only in 2 Provinces.

Proportion of Regional Population

• QU, in 1871 1/3 of population in QU

• Now, a 1/4- offset by the extreme growth of the Western provinces as a result of the growth of industry.

The Core/ Periphery Theory

• This is a model evident in Canada that describes interaction among regions

• Also the heartland/hinterland theory- more populated bs less populated.

• Common in most capitalist's economies- result in regionally uneven development.

• This theory states that both parts are dependent on each other but the core (the industrial heartland) dominates the economic relationship with the periphery (the resource hinterland)

  • In CAN the core to be Southern ON and QU.

  • All other areas make up the periphery bc there can only be one core

• B.C. and the prairie provinces are considered to be upward transitional peripheries.

• The Atlantic provinces are a downward transitional periphery.

• The territorial north is a resource frontier periphery

Characteristics of Cores

• Receives raw materials from the periphery, ex. Mining, lumber etc.

• Manufacturing is a common industry

• Geographically small.

• Diverse economy.

• Urban and densely populated

• home to corporate headquarters.

Characteristics of Peripheries

• Purchase manufactured goods from the core

• geographically large

• resource-based economy

• rural and sparsely populated.

The Core/ Periphery Theory

• In general, as one travels from a core toward a periphery there are typically noticeable trends:

  • both population and population density goes down

  • median income decrease, in general except Alberta bc of Oil.

  • unemployment will increase.

• There are two contrasting ways that cores and peripheries interact

  • Regional exploitation model: econ wealthy core exploits natural wealth of the prehipehrly leaving impoverished.

  • Modern model: core invests in periphery and helps it to develop- ex. equalization payments.

Sub-Cores in Canada

• A sub-core has similar characteristics to a core but at a much smaller scale

• There are a few sub-cores existing within Canada’s peripheries:

  • Southwest BC, Vancouver/Victoria- large population and strong econ

  • Edmonton/Calgary

  • Halifax

The Staples Thesis

• Proposed explanation of how/why CAN’s economy has frown and changed

• What is a ‘staple’ product: a natural resource that can be exploited cheaply for profit.

• The regional economic history of Canada was linked to the discovery, utilization and export of staple resources in Canada’s peripheries

• Eventually, economic diversification occurred thus making peripheries less reliant on natural resources

  • theory of Harold Innis 1939

• The Atlantic provinces was the first region to be settled and in its early history it was a periphery for England

  • through CAN’s history East to West progression of most important econ staples.

  • We began as a mercantile society.

Advancement of Canada’s Staples

1. Fur

2. Lumber (progressing from the east to the west)

3. Fish (east)

4. Mining (progressing east to west)

5. Oil (West)

Economic Linkages for Growth

• Three types of economic linkages are necessary for growth and job creation:

• Backward linkage: supplies for the staple industry (saws and tools for the lumber industry, etc.)

• Forward linkage: Local processing before export (e.g. squaring lumber before shipment).

• Final demand linkage: servicing the needs of workers and families ex. stores, schools etc.

The National Policy

• The national policy (1879) contributed to the development of the core in Canada- why did Southern ON become the core.

• This policy created a nationwide market for Canadian-made goods

• How?

  • through tariffs in foreign made goods.

• This policy had several implications:

  1. increased price of goods from the U.S which would have otherwise been cheaper to purchase

  2. It favored economic and manufacturing growth in Southern Ontario and Southern Quebec since this is where transportation costs were minimized

  3. It had a negative impact in Western Canada because they were purchasing expensive Canadian-made goods from the core but were exporting wheat and grain to the US at low prices since the US had its own tariffs

The Canada - US Free Trade Agreement

• The agreement was signed in 1988

• It helped peripheries by providing cheaper products to purchase and also provided a larger market (US) for their staple products

• Many large companies began to integrate operating factories in one location only as opposed to a factory in each country. - loss of employment

• 1994 Mexico Joins, 2030 from NAFTA to CUSMA.

  • Mexico has 130 million people to buy our stuff BUT they have cheaper

    manufacturing.

  • Windsor-Detroit tunnel.

  • Ambassador Bridge

  • Bluewater Bridge

The Thickening Canada-US Border

• This has been an ongoing concern since September 11, 2001

  • the border became thick.

• Auto manufacturing assembly plants in Southern Ontario need quick and easy access to the US market

• Before 2001, Canadian citizens were not required to show passports when entering the U.S (vice versa)

• The change in requirements at the border led to a fundamental shift in the tourism industry, especially in border cities (Niagara Falls, Windsor, Sarnia)

• The US federal government favors a North America security perimeter that includes a common position on immigration, military and trade policies

  • A continental perimeter is thought to potentially reduce the threat of terrorist attacks.

Canada in the Global World

• The core/ periphery theory also exists on a global scale whereby North America and Western Europe make up the global core

• A sub-core is evident in Asia (China, South Korea, Japan) where there is rapid economic growth.

• Diversification of trade is top priority of Canada in order to take advantage of Asian growth

• Despite this, US will likely always be our major market.

Physical Geography

• Definition: The study of Earth’s natural features

• Canada’s physical geography will be studied in this course through 5 categories

  1. Geological elements

  2. physiology

  3. climate

  4. vegetation

  5. soil

• Canada’s physical geography provides the main explanation for its uneven distribution of population

  • too cold in the north

• Physical geography provides a basis for the location of core:

  • An area with more favorable physical based, flat lands, good climate etc.

• The variation in physical geography explain the differences in biodiversity across Canada

Geologic Elements of Canada

• There are 3 major geologic elements and they each represent a different rock type

  • Canadian Shield (igneous rock)

  • Platform (sedimentary rock)

  • Folded mountains (metamorphic rock)

Canadian Shield

• It is composed of highly resistant igneous rock. (oldest rocks in the NA and the World 1 Billion years old)

• extends from Northwest territories through prairie province and northern ON and QU and Labrador

• Not conducive to building cities and towns

Major Geologic Elements of Canada

Platform

• These rocks underlay the interior plains of the continent (from the Northwest territories to Texas)

• Mainly sedimentary and contain large are of oil and natural gas.

Folded Mountains

• folding is caused by tectonic plate movement

• Sedimentary rock turn to metamorphic rock

• There are three major areas of folded mountains in Canada:

  1. Appalachian

  2. Innuitian

  3. Cordillera

Mountains in Canada

Appalachian Mountains

• Located in QU and Atlantic rocs, relatively old (Rounded peaks), relatively low (covered in trees), well eroded and covered w/ vegetation.

Innuitian Mountains

• Located in Norther Nunavut, jagged (younger), somewhat eroded, most inaccessible.

Cordillera

• The major ranges include the Rocky Mountains and Coast Mountains.

• Youngest mountains, highest most jagged, permanently snow capped.

Physiographic Regions

• A physiographic region is a large area that has common characteristics:

  • It contains similar topographic features

  • land has been shaped by a common process

• Canada has 7 physiographic regions: Exam Map component

  • Canadian Shield:

  • Cordillera

  • Interior Plains

  • Hudson Bay Lowlands

  • Arctic Archipelago

  • Appalachian Uplands

  • Great Lakes - St. Lawrence Lowlands

Canadian Shield

• It extends over half of the country’s land mass

• The rocky surface consists mainly of rugged land

• during the last ice advance, glaciers eroded the are and deposited rock.

• Contains wealth of valuable metallic mineral resources.

Cordillera

• It is a complex region of mountains, plateaus and valleys

• It has the highest variation in relief of all the physiographic regions: High peaks and deep valleys

• North-South alignment extends from Yukon to Southern British Columbia, Rockies are the most well known and the tallest.

Interior Plains

• This region was once covered by a large, shallow inland sea where sediments eventually formed sedimentary rock

• Flat because it used to be a sea 92 million years ago

• deep, wide river valley - unique feature if this region and are evidence of glacial spillways.

Hudson Bay Lowlands

• This region has many bogs and contains muskeg (poorly drained soil), perma frost underneath

• It has the least variation in relief of all physiographic regions

• Permafrost is widespread and therefor only few very small settlements.

Arctic Archipelago (Big Grouping of Islands)

• It is a complex area of coastal plains, plateaus, and mountains located north of the Arctic circle

• The Northern part of this region is permanently covered in snow and ice while the southern part contains tundra

• Regional is underlain by continuous permafrost making tree growth impossible

Appalachian Uplands

• This is an area of rounded uplands and narrow river valleys

• The indented coastline of the region contains many small bays and harbors

Great Lakes - St. Lawrence Lowlands

• This is the smallest physiographic region

• The landscape is generally flat with rolling hills reflecting the underlying sedimentary rock

• Soil is very fertile and well suited for agriculture and a variety of crops.

Glaciation

• Glaciation was a major shaping force in Canada

• All of Canada (except for Northern Yukon) was covered by ice sheets just 18,000 years ago

• The advance and retreat of ice has greatly altered the appearance of the landscape

• Canada has over 2 million lakes (60 per cent of the Worl)- formed by the melting of continental glaciers.- most in Canadian Shield.

Types of Glaciers

Continental Glaciers

• These are thick sheets of ice that cover entire continents

• Today there are only 2 continental glaciers left on Earth - Greenland and Antarctica, 3 km thick

Alpine Glaciers

• These are glaciers that are found in mountainous regions- wedged between mountain peaks.

• developed through years of snow pile which compact and create ice sheets.

Alpine Glacial Landscapes

• Start with a smooth hill, cool climate weighs the mountain down through ice.

• Go from a v- shaped valley to a u shaped valley.

• Arete: Jagged spine down the side of a mountain.

• Cirque: Half-circle shaped alpine glacier.

Alpine Postglacial Landscapes

Glacial Retreat

• Hudson Bay, the center of the old ice sheet, ice was so heavy that it created the depression which is now the Hudson Bay.

Evolution of the Great Lakes

• The Great Lakes are remnants of glacial lakes that bordered the continental ice sheets

• The bottoms of the lakes were formed by glacial scouring (forming a hole through wearing away a weak rock) filled w/ water from melting ice.

Former Lakes Agassiz

• Formed by melting ice, this was once the largest lake in North America

• It was located mostly in what is now Manitoba

• The former lakebed is now flat and fertile farmland as part of the Red River valley.

Components of Climate

• Weather refers to the current state of the atmosphere

• Climate describes average weather conditions for a specific place over a long period of time

• There are two major components of climate

  1. Temperature

  2. Precipitation

• Components vary greatly across the country as result of 7 climatic controls.

Climatic Controls- In order of Importance

• Latitude: Lower latitudes, more solar radiation impact the surface.

• Altitude: Higher elevation = cooler temp

• Proximity to bodies of water: Water keeps nearby land areas warmer in Autumn and cooler in Spring- water retains temp the best.

• Ocean currents: Currents transport warm or cold water depending on the course of the current.

• Variations in Topography: Cold air is dense and tends to sink into valleys.

• Prevailing wind: Some wind systems cause rapid temperature changes (e.g Chinook wind)

• Location of pressure systems: Relates to the position of warm and cold fronts. - day to day weather

Effects of Latitude

• Temperature decreases with increasing altitude

• There are fewer air molecules at higher elevations. This allows heat to more easily escape into space.

Climate Zones

• Important for final exam

• Canada has 7 climatic zones

  1. Pacific

  2. Cordillera

  3. Prairies

  4. Great Lakes - St. Lawrence

  5. Atlantic

  6. Subarctic

  7. Arctic

     Most of Canada’s mass is located in Subarctic and Arctic

Climatic Zones in Canada

Temperature

• Temperatures in Canada are primarily controlled by latitude and proximity to bodies of water

• Moderation is evident along ocean coasts (esp the Pacific coast due to prevailing westerly winds) and to a less extent around the Great Lakes.

Temperature Across Canada

• On Assignments

Physical Effects of Temperature

• Temperature dictates the predominant vegetation in an area

• Temperature dictates the length of the growing season in an area

  • Higher the number of zones the more variety of crops you can grow. You can’t grow agriculture in zone 4 or less.

Precipitation

• The prairie provinces and the Territorial North are relatively dry (especially in Winter)

• The West coast is very wet due to orographic precipitation:

  • Oro meaning mountains, precipitation caused by the mountains.

  • Air rises in vanv=couver and therefore rains, goes over the mountain and sinks and clouds cannot form and therefore it is sunny.

• Convective precipitation occurs in the prairie provinces and in the Great Lakes - St. Lawrence Lowlands especially during summer

  • Convective: thunderstorms caused by air rising off hot ground.

• Desert: Are w/ less than 250 mm of precipitation annually.

• Precipitation is moderate and consistent year-round in the Great Lakes - St. Lawrence Lowlands

• Lake effect snow is common in parts of Southern Ontario.

• Growing Season: number of days between final frost and first frost- Victoria has the longest growing season.

Natural Vegetation Zones in Canada

• Most vegetation in Canada is not natural- agriculture.

• Natural Vegetation Zones:

  1. The Forest

  2. Grasslands

  3. Tundra.

Decidous Forsts:

• Tress taht lose their leaves.

• AKA Broadleaf Forest (most Southern ON)

• Carolinian forest- decidous tress but w/ bigger leaves (north short of Lake Erie)

Coniferous Forests

• Evergreen trees

• Boreal Forest (Canadian SHield)

• Montane forest (interiro of B.C)

• Coastal Ran Forest (coast of B.C)

Grasslands

• Perfer dry climates. Length of grass depends on moistue, more water the longer they are.

• Lack of tees bceacuse not enoung precipitation

Tundra

• Small pl;;ants survive harsgh wubters

• Offshoots of tthe main plant w shallow roots due to perma frost

• Both in Artics and Alpines.

Xerophyte:

• Plants has waxy leaves which reduce moisture loss.

Krumholz

• plant grows sideways bc harsh dry winds desiccate the upper part of the plant.

Verticle and Latidutional Zonation:

• Up the mountain in the same procedure.

PERMAFROST

• the line that seprates continous and discontinous frost is the tree line.

COntinous Permafrost:

• At least 80 per cent of groun is perma frozen

Discpuintious: 30-80 percent perma frozen

Sporadic: Less than 30 per cent

Whend does perma frost start to form?

• The mean annual temp of soil is below 0 degrees

• Discontiouns permafrost may form in slope areas with a northerly aspect (the directaion that a slope faces)

• The tree line has moved northward by aproc 100 Km over past 50 years.

Talik: Permafrost-free zone beneath a lake. Water helps to warm the surface

Permafrost Melt:

• Melting permafrost can cause roads to buckle and building to fracture

• utilitie and pipline must be built above ground in permafrost areas.

Soil Classifications

Cryosolic: Territorial North- Frozen Soil

• In The Arctic Archipelago and around Hudsons Bay

• Found where the mean annual temp is below 0- continous permafrost

Podzolic Soil

• Commonly foiund in cool, moist climates ( CAN Shield) light grey in colpour

• Often associated w boral forest

• Can handle the moisture due to alrge pore space

Luvisolic Soil

• Found in humid contential climates (Southern ON) often associated w decidous vegetation

• high amounts of organica content are evident due to trees dropping leaves creaying a thick organic layer.

• Organic: Compesed of matter from a once living organism

• Warm temp in Summe rleads to quick decomp of org materials thus adding to the soil

Chernozemic SOil

• Dry climates where grasslands are lacated

• Light brown to dark brow relatively high orgnic content

• Precolatiopn of moisture does not occur as easily as podzolic soil- thats why it floods.

Palliser’s Triangle

• Dry area in the Western Praries- declared that the area was unsuitable for agricutulture

• Grwoing wheat and cattle ranching— common land use now

• Farmers do often require gov subsidies to aid in surviving

Drainage Basins

• Every river has a drainage basin (area surrounding land that is drained by that river)

• Lakes have drainage basins as well, defined as the area of land that drains into that lake.

DIVIDES:

• Divides form the boundarie sof a drainage basin

• A divide is a redge of higher land that seperates which way rivers flow

Continental Dicide

• locayted alon the spin of the Rocky Mountains

• Seprates which ocean rivers will eventually drain to. \

• Also Labrador

Drainage Basisns as Open Systems

• All drainage basisn have inputs and outputs

• Input: percipitation, snowmelt

• Outputs: Rivers evaporation

Columbia Ice Field

• last remaining ice sheet in Southern Canada

• Starddkles the contintental divde Jasper National Park contain large 8

Glacial Retrate

• it is retratin at a rate of 2-3 meter per year

Chnages in Arctic Sea ICe

• In the coming years teh polar areas are expected to arm faster than any other areas on Earth

Ice/snow reflect sunlight. As the ice/snow melts, the resulting water/land absorbs sunlight

This heats up the water/and which encourages nearby ice to melt.

Historical Geography of Canada

• Three major events in Canada’s history have had a profound impact on Canadian society:

  • The arrival of the First People in North America

  • The colonization of North America by France and England

  • The influx of settlers from Eastern Europe

The First People

• They crossed the Beringia Land Bridge from Siberia to Alaska; some continued east into Yukon and others travelled south along the Pacific coast.

Migration Routes:

• Commonly hunted mammoths with pointed spheres.

• Became

• The First people then adapted to a mixed diet of meat (buffolo and Caribou), fish, and plants.

• This led to separated groups of social units which marked the beginning of Indigenous tribes- they started trading w/ each other.

Arctic Migration

• They hunted walruses, seals, and other marine animals.

• The Thule people migrated to this area 1000 years ago. Ancestors of the current Inuit people- 84 per cent of Nunavut is Inuit.

Contact with Europeans

• Contributions to population decline:

  • Spread of new diseases by explorers and fur traders- no immunity

  • loss of hunting grounds to Europeans.

The Second People

• After the British Conquest of New France in 1759, British immigrants began moving to the area.- A battle in which the British Won.

  • The Battle of the Plains of Abraham

  • This was the turning point from French to English

Waves of British Immigration

• First Wave:

• Most loyalists settled in Nova Scotia or Southern Ontario.

• This resulted from a deteriorating economy in Britain and the Potato famine in Ireland.

  • The English speaking population begins to overwhelm.

Confederation

• In 1867, population of British North American was 3.5 million.

• Along the Red River, the Metis ( a mic of Indigenous and European ancestry) represented over 80% of the population.

• Upper Canada (Ontario), Lower Canada (QU)- Up River, NB and Nova Scotia joined in 1867.

• These became the first four provinces.

• Britain was eager for the colonies to form a union to withstand possible annexation by the United States.

Canada in 1867

Land Transfer

• The Fed Gov felt:

  • It would diminish the threat of the US annexing the land.

  • the Fed gov had a goal of building a transcontinental rail road to the British Columbian Colony.

The Third People

• The Fed Gov specifically wanted to attract immigrants from Scandinavia, Russia and Ukraine.- They had similar climates to that of Canada.

• The majority of these new immigrants lived in homesteads.

• This area had previously been occupied by semi-nomadic Indigenous Peoples who hunted buffalo.

Evolution of Canada

• MB 1870, BC 1871

• 1871, Canada is 6 provinces and 1 territory (spelled the North-West Territories at that time)

• PEI 1873

• Yukon 1898- height of the gold rush.

• Alberta (1905); Saskatchewan (1905)

• NFL (1949)

• Nunavut (1999)

• All land drains into the Atlantic Ocean was awarded to Labrador (which belonged to NFL which was a British colony at the time)

• QU has never formally accepted this ruling.

1873: CAN’s Internal Boundaries

Regional Tension

• A great challenge for the federal government is to seek a balance between regional needs and demands.

Tensions to National Unity

• Health care, educations, social services, and transport are expensive ministries and each are the Province’s reasonability- they rely on the Federal dollar.

Faultlines in Canada

Four major faultline’s:

1. Centralist / Decentralist:

   • each seats one MP represent approx. 118, 000 people.

   • In 2024, five new seats were added to the House of Commons, New seats given to the fastest growing regions- who already has more seats are getting more seats.

   • Rules for Seats in the House of Commons

     1. Each province must have at least as many MPs as it has senators.

     2. Each province must have at least as many MP’s as it did in 1976

        • to ensures a minimum number of MPs representing QU

   • Western Alienation:

     • Pierre Trudeau

     • The National Energy Program (1980-1984) is a good example of West’s distrust of the FED GOV.

     • National Energy Program

       • This resulted in huge oil revenues for Alberta

       • In 1980, Liberal fed gov of Pierre Trudeau changed this with the initiation of the program.

       • NEP:

       • Objectives of the program:

         • Ensure low cost of oil for Canadians

         • redistribute revenue from the oil industry to the Fed gov to other provinces

           Controversial because recourse development falls under provincial powers, yet the fed gov forced it through.

         • Alberta did not elect any Liberal MP’s in 1984, 1988, 15, 11, or 19.

         • Even in 2015, only swept 4 of Alberta’s 34 Ridings.

       • Equalization Payments

         • Payments are only sent to provinces whose ability to raise their own revenue is below national standard.

         • The media often refers to “have” or “have not” only the have not receive equalization

         • “Have”: BC, AB, SK, ON, NL(offshore oil drilling)

         • “Have Not”: MB, QC, NB, NS, PEI

2. Indigenous / Non-Indigenous

   • In the distant past, the FED gov advocated for assimilation policies.

   • Residential Schools:

     • First PM John A. Macdonald stated that the goal was to “take the Indian out of the child”

     • Last school closed in 1996, the entire process has been deemed a colossal mistake resulting in generational harmful impacts of Indigenous Peoples.

     • In 2021, hundreds of graves were found at former school sites across Western Canada.

   • Current Policies:

     • Recognizing Indigenous rights to self-government- Nunavut.

     • Acknowledging the concerns on each Indigenous group (Inuit, Metis First Nations) are different and require specific solutions

   • First Nations:

     • People who may be members of a band who have

       signed a treaty. They are entitled to certain rights

       from the federal government.

   • Metis:

     • People of mixed ancestry, either French-Indigenous

       or English-Indigenous.

   • Inuit:

     • Descendants of the Thule people primarily living in in the for main regions of the Arctic and Subarctic.

   • Indigenous Rights

     • Reserves are collectively managed by Indigenous bands

     • There are many outstanding land claims today across Canada awaiting resolution.

   • Bridging the Faultline

     • Some reserves are economically stable to natural resources or tourism, many isolated with very little economic base and extreme poverty.

3. Immigration

   • Their objective was to offset the French-speaking population by encouraging large scale immigration to BNA.

   • Immigrants from other areas were need due to a shortage of workers: the CP railway through Cordillera was largely built by 15,000 Chinese laborers.

   • The result was a poor experience for the original farmers of the prairie region who were not of British descent.

   • The Red River Rebellion:

     • The Metis feared for their rights to the land and their place in new society.

     • They formed a provisional government to negotiate the terms to join Canada as a province.- led to the creation of Manitoba

       • The use of both English and French in their provincial gov.

       • A dual system of Protestant and Catholic schools.

   • The Northwest Rebellion

     • They enlisted the support of Riel who was living in Montana.

     • Riel sent a petition to the federal government with demands but they were ignored.

     • The Canadian army soon advanced on the area and pushed back the Metis and other Indigenous forces.

     • Riel along with 8 Indigenous leaders were executed by hanging.

   • Newcomers to Manitoba

     • Influx of Settlers?

       • ON no longer had surplus of agricul land

       • wheat farming in Manitoba became profitable- technology and rising prices of grain- drop French and Catholic schools.

   • Doukhobors

     • Were communalists who did not believe in the individual land ownership or gov regulation

     • Communalist: An advocate of communal living.

     • In 1905, the new Minister of the Interior Frank Oliver chose to enforce Dominion Lands Act

     • Allowed them to cancel their right to the land.

4. French / English

   • Under the Treaty of Paris in 1763, France ceded New France to Britain

   • This placed French-Speaking people under the British Monarchy

   • The Quebec Act 1774

     • Continuation of the seignorial (the division of land by French settelers into long narrow strips enabling each landholder access to the St. Lawrence River) landholding system ‘Grantee of religious freedom

       • The Brits divided into concessions- aka squares of land.

     • Retain French language.

   • British Loyalists

     • These led to the Constitutional Act

     • The Ottawa River was the dividing line.

     • Rebellions broke out leading to the Act of Union

   • The Act of Union

     • He suggested uniting the 2 provinces under one large government

     • This would make the French a minority

   • Manitoba Schools

     • The proportion of Anglo-Protestans ’ in Manitoba increased steadily to become a large majority ‘MB gov ended funding for Catholic schools in 1890.

   • The Quiet Revolution

     • The growth and revenue generated by Hydro-QU was a symbol of QU’s revitalized economy.

   • QU Separatism

     • 1980: 60% voted against separation

     • 1995: 49.5% voted against separation.

     • In 2006, QU officially recognized by the Fed Gov as a nation within Canada

     • Nation: A distinct cultural group

Ontario

• Ontario has the largest population of Canada’s provinces and the highest economic output.

• The economy is evolving toward the knowledge- based sector as manufacturing has declined over the past two decades.

THE ONTARIO ECONOMY

• The centre of Canada’s economy will likely always

  remain anchored in Ontario.

• Why?

  • large population (39% of Canadians)

  • Median personal income above the national median

  • Greatest cluster of cities, universities, and technological/research centres.

  • Have Province: except 2009.

  • Central location within NA with several high-volume border crossings to the US (their center population is nearby too)

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY

• Three physiographic regions are found in Ontario.

  1. Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Lowlands

  2. Canadian Shield

  3. Hudson Bay Lowlands.

• In terms of land are, Ontario is larger than 85% of all countries.

• Northern Ontario occupies over 80% of the provincial land mass but is home to only 6% of the province’s population.

• The Niagara Escarpment contains the most variable topography in Southern Ontario.

• The escarpment formed as more resistant rock remained while weaker rock weathered and eroded away.

CLIMATE

• Summers in Ontario are hot and humid with air masses that often originate over the Southeast U.S or the Gulf of Mexico.

• Winters are cold with air masses that often originate over the Prairie Provinces or the North.

• As these air masses mover over the Great Lakes, the lakes can create localized climatic effects.

LAKE EFFECT SNOW

• Lake effect snow is caused by cold air moving over relatively warm water. (Warm loosely)- enough to provide moisture and an uplift on the other side which forms clouds.

• Snowbelts are found downwind of the lakes. (In winter, the wind is often from the northwest)

• Heavy snow falls downwind of lakes.

LAKE EFFECT SNOW IN SOUTHER ONTARIO

• London and Kitchener frequently receive lake effect snow from Lake Huron causing high annual snowfall- major event in 2010, 80cm of snow in 2 days. - London is very prone to this.

• Windsor occasionally receives lake effect snow from Lake Michigan.

LAKE EFFECT CLOUDS

• Southern Ontario frequently experiences lake effect clouds in winter.

• Both lake effect clouds and lake effect snow diminish when ice appears on the lakes.

THUNDERSTORMS AND TORNADOES

• Severe thunderstorms and tornadoes in Southern Ontario can occur when a wind from the southwest brings warm, moist air from the Gulf of Mexico.

• The warm air may interact with cooler lake breezes.

THE GREAT LAKES

• Ontario is an Iroquois word meaning “beautiful water” and is named after Lake Ontario. The darker colors indicate the deeper waterbeds. Shallow-Lake Eirie, Deep Lake Superior- because the ice sheet ran out of juice.

• Combined, the five Great Lakes make up the largest body of fresh water in the world.

• Between each lake are connecting straits (though they are referred to as rivers).

• Management and care of the lakes is shared by Canada and the US

• Major ports in the Great Lakes system: Chicago, Toronto, Detroit, Cleveland, Buffalo, Milwaukee, Hamilton, Toledo, Windsor, Thunder Bay

• By volume, Lake Superior is the largest and Lake Erie is the smallest.

• The Welland Canal allows ships to bypass Niagara Falls-

• The Great Lakes are important to Ontario’s economy (tourism, recreation, fishing, shipping).

• The St. Lawrence Seaway connects the GLs to the Atlantic Ocean.

ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES

1. Health of the Great Lakes

   • eutorphication: the addition of phosphates into lakes from fertilizers and chemicals that run off from agricultural areas.

   • Water pollution:

2. Contamination

   • Occasional beach closures occur along GLs shorelines due to high bacteria counts

3. Invasive species (due to a lack of natural predators)

   • Sea lamprey, goby- big problem in the 1990s

ENERGY

• The provincial government closed the last- remaining coal power plant in Ontario in 2014.

• Natural gas, nuclear plants, and renewable energy methods have replaced coal power plants.

• There are over 2500 wind turbine in ON that currently supply 8% of the electricity demand in the province.

WIND ENERGY IN SOUTHER ONTARIO

• A wind atlas was developed before any turbines were erected.

• The best locations for wind turbines are flat landscapes that are relatively close to lake shorelines.

HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF ONTARIO

• The French founded the first settlement in 1749 across the river from D’etroit (Detroit) and named it Petite Côté (it has been renamed Windsor).

• In the late 1700s, British Loyalists from the U.S. began settling throughout Southern Ontario.

• In 1794, York became the Capital of Upper Canada 9no ON). In 1834, population of 10K and was renamed Toronto.

THE WAR OF 1812

• Tension between Britain and the U.S. resulted in several battles during the War of 1812 in Southern Ontario.

• Annexation was a key objective of the US.

• British forces were led by Major General Isaac Brock. Indigenous forces were led by Chief Tecumseh. They worked together in battle to hold back the U.S. forces.

• Brock died during the Battle of Queenston Heights along the Niagara River. Tecumseh died during the Battle of Thames 70Km Southwest of London.

THE REGIONS OF ONTARIO

• Ontario is the most diverse province in Canada both in terms of physical geography and human geography

• Each region has a different economy and needs, and these are recognized by the provincial government.

• There are Five Regions of Ontario:

  1. Northern

  2. Eastern

  3. Central

  4. Golden Horseshoe

  5. Southwestern

REGION: NORTHERN ONTARIO

• The economy is based on forestry and mining.

• The population density is very low.

• Largest cities: Sudbury, Thunder Bay, Sault Ste. Marie

• Northern ON experiences a cultural disconnection from the rest of the province

• There have been secession movements in the past.

REGION: EASTERN ONTARIO

• The economy is based on jobs in the federal government.

• Largest cities: Ottawa, Kingston, Cornwall

• Many lakes, rivers, hills, and waterfalls add to the scenery in this region.

• There is a relatively high francophone population especially along the QU border.

REGION: CENTRAL ONTARIO

• The economy is based on seasonal tourism and recreation.

• Largest Cities: Barrie, Peterborough, Orillia

• The landscape transitions from agriculture in the southern part to forest in the northern part.

• A large portion of the region is nicknamed Cottage Country

REGION: GOLDEN HORSESHOE

• The economy is based on jobs in finance, insurance, health care, and education.

• Largest CMAs: Toronto, Hamilton, St. Catherines

• The region is almost entirely urbanized.

• It attracts more immigrants than any other part of the country.

REGION: SOUTHWESTERN ONTARIO

• The economy is based on manufacturing and agriculture.

• Largest CMAs: Kitchener, London, Windsor

• This region has much in common with the U.S. Midwest.

• Several auto assembly plants, and their associated feeder factories provide thousands of jobs.

• The southernmost portion is culturally influenced by the proximity to Detroit.

FORESTRY IN NORTHERN ONTARIO

• The demand for lumber has been decreasing due to technology lowering the demand for paper:

  • websites are replacing newspapers and magazines.

  • billing, accounting, and banking transactions are all using less paper.

• Softwood lumber is the main export.- Softwood- evergreen, borreal forests

• Most of the land in Northern Ontario is Crown land (it is owned by the provincial government).

• Pulp and paper mills provide many jobs in several regions.

• The provincial government signs contracts with logging companies where strict regulations are in place such as the Annual Allowable Cut (AAC).

• A challenge in the forest industry is to maintain a balance between cutting and the regrowth of forest.

• Logging companies are responsible for replanting trees as part of their contracts.

MINING NORTHERN ONTARIO

• The Canadian Shield contains gold, nickel, silver, and copper.

• The value of metallic mineral production in Ontario is the highest of all provinces and territories.

• Minerals are non-renewable resource that deplete over time. Most, mines will last 60-80 years.

• Thus , mining resource towns can have a short lifespan.

HUMAN GEOGRAPHY OF NORTHERN ONTARIO

• The population of Northern Ontario is growing at a much slower rate than the national average.

• Demographic characteristics:

  • an aging population

  • net emigration, especially of younger people (go to University and they don’t come back)

  • Very few immigrants

  • Small but increasing Indigenous population.

TRANSPORTATION IN NORTHERN ONTARIO

• The rocky terrain of Northern Ontario makes it difficult to traverse and discourages settlement.

• Most of the population is located along two corridors:

  • The nortehr branch of the Trans Canada Highway and Canadain National railroad line.

  • Southern branch of the Trans Canada Highway and the Canadian Pacific railroad line.

AGRICULTURE IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO

• Southern Ontario has over half of the highest- quality agricultural land (Class1) in Canada.

• This is due to temperatures moderated by the Great Lakes, moderate and consistent precipitation, and fertile soil.

• Cropland is dominant in Southwestern Ontario whereas livestock farming is more common in Eastern Ontario.

• CORN: It is the most common crop and is grown throughout Southwestern ON. Most of the Corn is used to feed cattle in AL.

• TOBACCO: It is mainly grown on a sand plain north of Lake Erie in the are through Tilsonburg; the solid there is not suitable for growing many other crops.

• TOMATOES and GRAPES: Vineyards and greenhouses are common in extreme Southwestern ON.

• FRUIT: Peaches, cherries, and plums are grown in the Niagara fruit belt.

THE NIAGARA FRUIT BELT

• This is a small area located between Lake Ontario and Lake Erie where a microclimate exists.

• Advantages:

  1. A moderated climate from the two large lakes (a longer frost-free season in autumn and cooler temperatures in spring which prevent premature budding)

  2. The nearby Niagara Escarpment protects the area from harsh winds.

MANUFACTURING IN SOUTHER ONTARIO

• Reasons for the development and growth of

  manufacturing in this region:

  1. Geographic advantages (prox to IS)

  2. Trade restriction (National Policy)

  3. Size of the domestic market (large work force)

THE AUTO INDUSTRY

• The industry has been a major, well-paying employer in Southern Ontario for over 100 years.

• The first auto assembly plants in North America were built in Detroit and Windsor; the auto industry then expanded throughout the lower Great Lakes area on both sides of the border.

• The wages received by autoworkers help drive the retail and service sectors of Ontario’s economy.

• There are five parts to the industry:

  1. Suppliers of materials.

  2. Parts production in small factories (vehicles are built in plants)

  3. Vehicle assembly in massive plants.

  4. service firms (advertisers, designers, sales)

  5. Corporate (decision makers, administration)

• Just-in-time Principle:

  • A system in which auto parts are delivered at the exact time required by the vehicle assembly plants.

  • This used by the auto industry to take advantage of savings in inventory and warehousing.

THE AUTO PACT

• The Auto Pact was developed by Canada and the U.S. in 1965 to combine both countries’ auto industries to form one large North American auto industry.

• Benefits of the Auto Pact for Canadians:

  1. It guaranteed that Canadian plants would not close.

  2. It allowed Canadian plants to specialize in certain vehicle models.

  3. It reduced the price of vehicles.

• As part of the agreement, both countries would eliminate the 15% tariff on automobiles and parts.

• Canada was guaranteed a minimum level of automobile production

• The Auto Pact was the precursor to NAFTA.

AUTOMOBILE ASSEMBLY PLANTS

• An assembly plant is where a vehicle is produced. There are currently seven assembly plants in Canada, all of them are in Southern Ontario.

• Plants are located along major highways where access to markets in Canada and the US are readily available and driving distance are short.

• GM, Chrysler, Ford, Toyota, and Honda all operate assembly plants in Southern Ontario.

THE BIG THREE

• This term has historically referred to the three automotive companies that are headquartered in North America (General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler).

• These companies currently dominate the sale of pick-up trucks, minivans and SUVs.

• In 1990, 90% of vehicles produced in North America were from one of the Big Three

PRESENCE OF ASIAN AUTOMAKERS

• Currently, 60% of vehicles produced in North America are from one of the Big Three.

• Japanese-based companies such as Toyota and Honda chose to build assembly plants in Ontario in the 1980s despite being lured by U.S jurisdictions at the time.

• Why?

  • Ontario has a highly skilled automotive workforce.

  • publicly funded health care is available thus the auto companies do not need to pay for medical insurance for their employees.

AUTOMOBILE PRODUCTION

• Ontario has passed Michigan to become the biggest producer of automobiles in North America.

• The recession of 2008-09 resulted in a sharp drop in production.

THE 2008-09 RECESSION

• The recession was caused by the mortgage crisis in the U.S. At the time, nearly 1 million families lost their homes to foreclosure.

• The finances of General Motors and Chrysler collapsed during the recession to the point where the companies were unable to pay their workers.

• Exports of automobiles from ON to the US fell dramatically due to the lower demand

• A ripple effect spread throughout the manufacturing and service sectors and resulted in thousands of layoffs in Southern ON.

GOVERNMENT RESPONSE TO THE CRISIS

• The governments of Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper, U.S. President George W. Bush, and Ontario Premier Dalton McGuinty kept General Motors and Chrysler afloat in 2008 by providing the companies with billions of dollars in loans.

• Both companies have since repaid all loans.

• These governments were credited with saving both companies from bankruptcy and preserving tens of thousands of auto sector jobs in North America.

TRADE WITH THE US

• Over 80% of exports from Ontario go to the U.S.

• Production in the forestry, mining, and auto industries is greater than what the Canadian market can absorb therefore most products are exported to the U.S.

• Automobile trade accounts for 30% of all of Canada’s trade with the US.

HIGH TECHNOLOGY

• Innovative technological research is seen as an important part of the future of Ontario’s economy.

• The “Technology Triangle of Canada” includes the cities of Kitchener, Waterloo, and Cambridge.

• Software companies and technology manufacturers are headquartered in this region.

URBAN GEOGRAPHY

• Over 80% of Ontarians live in an urban area.

URBANIZATION IN ONTARIO

• Hamilton, Thunderbay

NEIGBOURING US CITIES

• The two large U.S. cities that border Ontario have strong relationships with the province both economically and culturally.- Detroit Michigan and Buffalo, NY.

IMPACTS OF URBANIZATION

• The Golden Horseshoe region has rapidly urbanized over the past 50 years.

• Geographic impacts of urbanization:

  1. Farms are subdivided into smaller units (results in less production)

  2. There is a reluctance to plant new trees.- want a developer to come in.

  3. Greater demand for services (infrastructure, schools, garbage collection, health care, etc)

  4. Speculation (holding land in anticipation of future development may lead to higher land prices).

  5. A lack of confidence in farming (it is not considered a good long-term investment)

POPULATION GROWTH

• The areas of Ontario within 100 km of Toronto have higher growth rates than elsewhere in the province.

• This is partly influenced by public transit connections. GO Lines.

THE GOLDEN HORSESHOE

• The name derives from the horseshoe-like shape of the land around the western end of Lake Ontario.

• It is home to over 8 million people and is the most densely populated area in Canada.

TORONTO

• Toronto is the most populous city in Canada.

• It is the financial centre and is home to the main offices of national banks and investment firms.

• It has become a hub for the entertainment industry.

• Immigration is a major driving force of population growth.

• Within the city limits of Toronto, 51% of the population is of a visible minority.'

• in Toronto CMA< visible minority population is highly variable by location.

OTTAWA

• Ottawa is the second largest city in Ontario.

• It is located on the Ottawa River across from Gatineau, Quebec.

• Both official languages are used throughout Ottawa and there are federal government operations on both side of the river.

• The federal government is the major employer.

OTHER LARGE URBAN AREAS OF SOUTHER ONTARIO

• These cities are most well-known for the following:

• Hamilton: steel production, health care

• Kitchener-Waterloo: technology and research

• London: insurance, education, regional service Centre.

• St. Catharines-Niagara Falls: tourism

• Windsor: Manufacturing

URBAN AREAS OF NORTHERN ONTARIO

• These cities are most well-known for the following:

• Sudbury: nickel and copper mining

• Thunder Bay: trans-shipment point (City where goods are transferred from ships to railroads and vise versa) Great lakes

• Sault Ste. Marie: Steel

• North Bay: Regional service center

• Timmins: gold mining

CMAS OF SOUTHERN ONTARIO

• fastest growth, proximity to Toronto.

URBAN CENTRES OF NORTHERN ONTARIO

THE GREENBELT

• This is an effort by the provincial government to slow urban sprawl.

• It prohibits urban development in a large designated zone surrounding the Greater Toronto Area.

THE VIDEO

1. Besides lower labour costs, for what other reasons was the Magna parts company attracted to Mexico?

   • Monterrey. 3rd largest metropolitan area.

   • Top line work.

   • On average in productivity/efficiency 6-8% growth every year.

2. How has the reputation of Mexican workers changed among global manufacturers?

   • top of the line work.

   • they are evolving.

   • Shoddy product to same quality levels.

3. Why are Mexico’s many trade agreements beneficial to automakers?

• export to more countries, EURO, ASIA etc.

Quebec

• Quebec ranks second among the six regions in terms of economic output and population.

• It is the largest province in area.

• Quebec is home to one of the largest francophone populations in the world outside of France.

CULTURE AND LANGUAGE

• The distinct culture derives from the historical experience of francophones living in the area for over 400 years.

• The terms Quebecois (In French) and Quebecers (in English) have both evolved to refer to any resident of QI regardless of their mother tongue.

• Non-francophone residents tend to be clustered in specific parts of the province.

• 78 per cent of QU speaks French as the mother tongue.

• Anglophones and allophones tend to be concentrated in Montreal and Gatineau (across the river from Ottawa)

• Most Indigenous Peoples in the province live in northern Quebec. Cree and Inuit form the majority of this population

LANGUAGE LAW

• French is the only official language in Quebec and provincial law requires businesses to use French.

• The objective of the law is to preserve French as the primary language in the region.

• Most immigrants of QU today (75%) who speak neither French nor English choose to learn French.

POPULATION GROWTH IN QU

• From 2016 to 2021, Quebec grew at a slower rate (4.1%) than the national average (5.2%).

• Birth rate is relatively high in NORTH QU but the immigration rate is very low in most areas that are outside of the Montreal CMA

• Since 2000, the House of Commons has increased in size by 41 seats but only 2 of those represent QU

• In 1871, Quebec’s share of Canada’s population was 32%; however, it has since declined to 23%.

DECLINE IN CANADA’S POPULATION SHARE

• What has caused Quebec’s decline in Canada’s

  population share?

  1. Expansion and growth of the Canadian West

  2. Relocation of businesses and corporate headquarters from QU and ON.

• As Quebec separatism movements gained momentum during the 1970s, some anglophone owned businesses and corporations left the province.

• They feared that an independent QU would lead to an unattractive business climate.

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY

• The Canada SHield extend over 90% of QU

• The best agricultural land is used primairly for dairy farming and is found along the St. Lawrence River between Montreal and QU City.

• The Gaspe Peninsuala is in the Appalachian Uplands. It is very rugged and confines its small settlements to the coastline

• Precipitation in the province is relatively high due to the proximity of the Atlantic Ocean.

THE ST. LAWRENCE RIVER

• The river figures very prominently in Quebec’s history

  and economy.

• It is an essential part of water-based transportation in North America because it connects the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean.

• Dredging the rivers was required in order to prevent large freighters from running ground. In the 1950s.

• Canals were constructed to allow ships to pass around rapids or waterfalls within the river.

• These became part of the St. Lawrence Seaway which opened in 1959.

• Brough in invasive species.

ENVIRONEMENTAL ISSUES

• The zebra mussel is an invasive species that has negatively impacted aquatic ecosystems.

ZEBRA MUSSELS:

• It is a small mollusk that was introduced to the St. Lawrence River by ships that originated in Europe.

• Zebra mussels have blocked hundreds of pipelines and water intakes resulting in high costs to infrastructure maintenance.

IMPROVING THE ENVIRONMENT

• Today, all energy in Quebec is generated from renewable hydroelectric sources.

• Quebec along with P.E.I. are the lowest per capita emitters of greenhouse gases of any province.

• Motorists in QU are heavily taxed on gasoline (35 cents/Littre plus 5% GST plus 10% PST)

• A portion of the gasoline tax is used to fund maintenance of the extensive hydroelectric energy systems.

• GREENHOUSE GAS: A gas that allows solar radiation to pass through but absorbs infrared radiation from Earth.

HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF QUEBEC: TIMELINE

• The area was originally known as New France.

• 1534:

  • Cartier sailed into Chaleur Bay and claimed the land for France. He discovered the mouth of the St. Lawrence River the following year.

• 1608:

  • Champlain founded a fur trading post at the current site of Quebec City. He became known as “the Father of New France”. “Je me Souviens”- “I remember” (Their history and culture)

• 1642:

  • Maisonneuve established Ville-Marie, located at the confluence of the Ottawa and St. Lawrence rivers.

  • Ville-Marie was later renamed Montreal.

• 1759:

  • The British defeated the French army on the Plains of Abraham.

  • After this defeat, The British ruled the QU for over 100 years until Confederation.

CONFEDERATION

• Quebec agreed to Confederation because it would bring several benefits:

  • union with the three other colonies would strengthen the overall economy and protect against potential U.S. annexation

  • French was an official language of the federal government and freedom of religion was a right.

  • Provinces were given control over education

  • working especially with Ontario, Quebec could influence federal politics and shape the future of Canada as the West continued to grow

GEOGRAPHIC EXPANSION OF QUEBEC

• 1898:

  • The federal government extends Quebec’s northern boundary into valuable mining lands well into the Canadian Shield.

  • 1912:

  • QU nearly doubled in size when the lad area was expanded to include the Inuit land of Nunavik

  • 1927:

  A court declared the boundary between Quebec and

  Labrador should follow the drainage basin divide.

  Quebec does not agree with this decision to this day.

THE QU ECONOMY

• The geographic aspects of the economy are like

  those of Ontario since the province can be divided

  into two economic areas:

  • A highly populated core (south)

  • a resource-based periphery (north)

  • the growing season in QU is short limits agriculture

  • QU has much better natural conditions for hydroelectricity development

• Manufacturing in Quebec has

  declined but remains viable.

  Today, aircraft and aircraft parts produced by the

  Bombardier company are Quebec’s leading export.

• Bombardier also produces passenger trains, subways, streetcars, all-terrain vehicles and snowmobiles.

• The quaternary sector is growing with the provincial government investing heavily in research

TORISM IN QU

• Tourism is an important part of the tertiary sector of Quebec’s economy.

• Tourists are attracted to Quebec for its historic past and francophone culture.

• It is within a day’s drive of tens of millions of people.

• Threats to tourism:

  • Canadian dollar fluctuation

  • global economic uncertainty

  • thickened US border.

HYDRO-QUEBEC

• Hydro-Quebec is a sense of pride among Quebec residents and has become a symbol of the economic prominence of the province.

• It was created in 1944 but remained a minor force until Premier Jean Lesage came to power in 1960.

• At that time, QU announced it would purchase all private electrical utilities in the province.

• This created a monopoly to generate and distribute electricity both within the province and for export.

Objectives

• stimulate economic growth through government

  intervention

  - undertake construction of massive hydroelectric

  projects in the Canadian Shield

• Build high voltage transmission lines to transport electricity

• Sell power to the northeastern states of the US.

• These strategies have been highky successful.

  • The masive revenue generated by HQU played a role in fueling the Quiet Revoltuion.

Possible Expansion

• The strategy is to gain control of the power fgrid in thes eprovinces to achieve complete doimiance of energy in the area along a share of the marlkert in NY and 6 New ENgland States.

HYDROELECTRICY

• Hydroelectric developments depend on three factors:Perciptation

  • 'topograohy

  • access to markets

  • Precipitation is abundant in Quebec. This supports

  large, high-volume rivers.

• Variable topography with entrenched river valleys and canyons ensure a steady flow of water for the power plants.

  High-voltage transmission lines connect the plants in

  the north to the populated markets in the south.

ADVANTAGES

• c

  • Renewable

  • the facilities have long lifespan

  • low operating costs

  • job creation

ATTRACTING LARGE SCAKE INDUSTRY

• Hydro QU can offer energy to these industrial firms at a greatly discounted cost.

ENERGY PRICES FOR INDUSTRY

1. Northern QU can produce vast amounts of energy

2. When selling, Hydro-QU is free to set its own sale price without the concern of competition.

HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPMENTS

• d

JAMES BAY PROJECT

• Construction required a new highway to northern QU and a new community was created (Radisson)

• Indigenous Peoples (Cree) and environmental organizations were outspoken against the project.

• loss of timber

• Chemicals in the reservoirs affects fish that were eaten

• impacts on animal migration patterns and Indigenous hunting grounds.

GEOGRAPHY OF NORTHERN QU

• This part of the province occupies the Canadian Shield and the Hudson Bay Lowlands.

• The economy is based on mining and forestry.

• There are few roads, and the are is too remote to attract tourists

• Political opportunities are currently growing for the Northern Quebec region of Nunavik.

NUNAVIK

• Over 90% of the population in this area is Inuit. Nunavik means “great land” in Inuktitut.

• Almost all residents live in one of the 15 small villages along the coast.

• Negotiations are ongoing to establish a regional form of government that is controlled entirely by Inuit.

REGIONAL GOVERNMENR IN NUNAVIK

• This would be an elected parliamentary-style cabinet and council but would not be considered a province or a territory.

• A public service would be responsible for administering health care, education, and social services.

• The government center would be Kuujuaq.

• QU would maintain jurisdiction over the area and provide funding to the regional government.

FORESTRY IN NORTHERN QU

• QU is Canada’s leading producer of paper and newsprint. Much of it is expected to the US

• Demand for Quebec’s softwood lumber (evergreen trees) has been

  consistently higher than that of U.S. softwood lumber.

• Why?

• QU’s cold climate results in slower tree growth which increases the strength of the wood.

MINING IN NORTHERN QU

• Mining is a key component of the economy in Northern Quebec.

• The annual value of mineral production in Northern Quebec is over $7 billion.

• Iron ore is the most common type of mine followed by copper, and gold. Most of the iron ore mined in Canada comes from QU.

URBANIZATION IN QU

• Over 80% of Quebec’s population lives in an urban area.

• Over 70% of the population live in one of 6 CMAs: Montreal, Quebec City, Gatineau, Sherbrooke, Saguenay, and Trois-Rivieres.

• Saguenay is the name of two cities that merged in 202 (Chicoutimi and Jonquiere)

MONTREAL

• Montreal is the commercial, cultural, and industrial centre of Quebec. Its name is French for Royal Mountain (a large hill in the centre of the city).

• It serves as a major port and trans-shipment point between the Great Lakes and the Atlantic Ocean.

• The city is located on an island in the St. Lawrence River.

QU CITY

• Quebec City is the provincial capital.

• It is the only walled city in NA and features buildings over 300 years old.

• The economy is dependent on provincial government jobs and tourism.

THE EASTERN TOWNSHIP (ESTRIE)

• This is a scenic area east of the St. Lawrence River in the Appalachian Uplands.

• Sherbrooke is the largest city in this area.

VIDEO: 2 Will Appear on Final

1. The response by the Cree to Hydro-Quebec’s plan is “going to be done the Cree way”. Explain what this means.

   • Cree custom will be followed, the elders will speak first, including the women. They speak everyday and set the tone.

2. What did lawyer Robert Mainville advise the Cree to do to stop the project?

   • To understand your positions.

   • Be careful to not to play into the hand of Hydro Quebec, they don’t care about their noble position.

   • Take the stand and fight the project on principle and get the message out to the world.

3. How did Richard Le Hir of the Quebec Manufacturers’ Association describe the actions of the Cree?

   • 15K people are holding hostage the rest of the province and its economic development. How long can it last?

4. Why did Deputy Chief Robbie Niquanacappo say the Cree as a people will be dead if the Great Whale project proceeds?

   • because

5. What point did Robert Kennedy want to be emphasized to Americans who were learning about the issue?

6. What did Grand Chief Matthew Coon-Come say is the problem with non-Indigenous society?

• You think you can solve the problem by asking “how much”?

7. Why did the newly elected chief of Great Whale Matthew Mukash suggest that the Cree should not accept $50M from Hydro-Quebec in compensation for the flooding caused by the La Grande project?

• if clear opposition is not shown our supporters think they can buy us off and flood our land.

8. In the Massachusetts state legislature, how did Grand Chief Matthew Coon-Come respond when pressed further to explain why the Cree gave approval to Hydro-Quebec to expand a previous project?

• We need to see how we can co-exist, recognize that QU needs to meet its electricity needs. This is a river that is already dead.

9. What change came to the Quebec legislature in 1994?

• Referendum? Cree hold their own referendum.

10. How did Cree activist Dianne Reid describe what the fight against Hydro-Quebec was about?

British Columbia

• International trade with the U.S Northwest and Pacific Rim countries plays a key role in its economy.

• The population in BC is reletively fast growing;

• ddd:

  • Lumber, pulp and paper, natural gas.

• Vancouver has become a popular location for filming Hollywood

• Imported goods from the Pacific Rim flow through the port of Vancouver to markets across Canada.

PACFIC RIM TRADE

• d

• Trade has accelerated with China as its economy continues to develop

• The Fed gov…

CORE OF PERIPHERY

• While the economy in BC is growing…

• Because of this, it is not a core region, un der the definition core/periphery theory, a sub core instead.

• Economic

WESTERN ALIENATION

• The Rocky Mountains along the B.C

• Throughout its history, many

• One expression of this concept of Cascadia:

  • This is the name proposed for an independent country uniting BC and the US states if Washington and Oregon.

• MAP:

  • All mountain ranges in BC are aligned in a northwest to southeast direction.

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPOHY

• f

• The Insular Mountains are off the coast and form the physical base of Haida Gawaii and Vancouver Island

• Plateau lands are found between mountain ranges.

• Temperate rainforest…

EARTHQUALKE AND TSUNAMI HAZARD

• B.C is in a geologically active area…

• Earthquakes on the seafloor that are stronger than M7.5 can produce tsunamis.

CLIMATE

• Precipitation is highly variable…

• The Pineapple Express is a flow of warm air in winter originating in Hawaii that results in mild temperatures but high precipitation.

• Because…

• Only 11% of the precipitation in Vancouver falls in the summer months and only 3% of the annual precipitation there falls as snow.

• The plateaus of the BC…

REGIONS OF BC

• Vancouver Island-Coast:

  • Fjords are common along the coast

  • Major industries include forestry, fishing, and provincial government services in Victoria.

• Lower Mainland- Southwest

  • The area…

  • It is the major agricultural area of the province.

  • Most of the population in B.C is in this region as it contains the Vancouver CMA.

• Thompson -Okanagan:

  • Kamploops and …

  • The land contains a mix of open range grasses, cattle ranches, forest, and some crops.

  • Tourism..

  • Major transportation corridors pass through this region; a trans-continental railway follows along the Thompson River.

• Kootenay

  • The Rocky Mountains…

  • The Continental Divide forms the border between here and Alberta

  • The economy is based on mining and tourism (both in summer and winter).

• Cariboo- Prince George

  • Prince…

  • Pulp and paper mills are important industries in this region

  • The University of Norther BC was established in Prince George in 1990.

• Skeena - North Coast

  • This is a

  • The economy is based on fishing, aluminum smelters, hydro power, and tourism from ferries and cruises.

  • Prince Rupert is

• Northeast

  • This is the only part …

  • The only highway connecting Alaska and Yukon to the rest of Canada passes through this region

  • small…

THE GREAT BEAR RAINFOREST

• BC is home…

• The GBR is a designated biosphere reserve where logging is only permitted in small areas.

TRANS MOUNTAIN PIPLINE

• A contentious issue in…

• The federal government has approved…

• This will result in 400 oil tankers per year travelling through Vancouver’s harbor.

COASTAL GASLINK PIPELINE

• The route was approved by 20 First Nations elected Councils but hereditary chiefs of the Wet’suwet’en First Nations did no originally approve.

HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY

• The U.S/British border was drawn along the 49 degree latitude line in 1846

• This line then became tge US/Canada border from the BC coast to Lake of the Woods in Northern ON.

• …

• Britain established the colony of BC in 1858 to ensure British rule over the land

• After Confederation…

• BC became the 6th Canadian Province in 1871

• RAILROADS

• The CP and the CN

• After complet

• The 2010 Winter Olympics placed BC on the world stage and are a high point in its history.

• John F. Kennedy, “let no man put asunder”

FISHING

• The mois

• Overexploitation

SALMON INDUSTRY

• This problem is an example of the tragedy of the commons.

  • The destruction of renewable resources that are not privately owned.

• The main BC salmon spawning areas are the Fraser River and the Skeena River.

• There are four

  1. f

  2. The forestry and hydroelectric industries have negatively impacted salmon spawning grounds

  3. Indigenous Peoples are permitted to catch salmon for subsistence.

  4. d

• The size.

• Factors:

  • pollution of habitat

  • warming ocean temperatures

  • overfishing and high fish quotas

  • Indigenous fishery.

MINING

• Exporting minerals…

• Northeast B.C contains a vast quantity of natural gas.

HYDROELECTRIC POWER

• B.C is the 2nd

• Over 80% of the power in B.C is generated by hydro electricity.

• d

• Large aluminum smelters have located in Northern BC due to the relatively low cost of electrical power from nearby hydroelectric plants.

TOURISM

• f

• f

• The controversial widening of the Seat to Sky Highway was done to meet growing tourism demands.

FORESTRY

• c

• In 1960, forestry accounted for 50% of employment in BC; it now accounts for 10%,

BC COAST FOREST

• The coast…

• The low risk of forest fires from the lack of lighting results in massive trees that can live over 200 years

• The most common species are fir, cedar, and hemlock.

BC INTERIOR FOREST

• Per

• This

• The trees are smaller than tghose in the coast forest and have a shorter lifespan

• The most common species are lodgepole pine, ponderosa pine and mountain pine

MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE '

• Beetles bore into the bark of the trees and lay eggs. Each beetle is the size of a grain of rice.

URBANIZATION IN BC

• d

• CMAs: Vancouver, Abbotsford

• th

• CMAs: Victoria, Nanaimo

• A third population cluster in the interior

• CMAs: Kelowna, Kamloops.

VANCOUVER

• cc

• cc

• Approximately 1/3 of people do not ID with any religion; this is the highest total in Canada.

VANCOUVER HOSUING PRICES

• d

• d

• The BC government has allowed the city to implement a 15% tax on properties sold to foreign buyers.