anaerobic : no oxygen used to do cell respiration, prokaryotes, faster energy

aerobic : uses oxygen to do cell respiration, eukaryotes, slower in creating energy

anaerobic used in humans in fight/flight, excersice, etc…

sugar is used as the energy molecule in aerobic

only approx. ~1-5% of bacteria are pathogenic (cause disease)

more than 1 trillion bacteria on/in our bodies

bacteria are useful in ecosystems, decomposers, nitrogen fixers for agriculture

oxygen : make or create

cyanobacteria started photosynthesizing to create oxygen & sugar on earth

organelles found in bacteria : ribosomes, DNA, cell wall, cytoplasm, plasma membrane, pili & flagella

flagella are used for movement (possible to have 1-3 flagellas)

pili are used for sticking to surfaces

some bacterial cell walls are surrounded by a coat of capsule, which is a mucus that they coat themselves in to make themselves harder to kill.

primarily bad bacteria that have a capsule

cyanobacteria have chlorophyll and make food by photosynthesize

archaebacteria were the first forms of life, extremepohiles, most live without oxygen, many are chemotrophs (a type of autotroph) get their energy from chemicals

thermophiles : live in hot springs and get energy from sulfur (like heat)

methanogens : grow on carbon dioxide and hydrogen gas to produce methane

halophiles : live in salty environments

bacterial reproduction produces two identical calls in a process called “binary fission” - similar to mitosis in animals

allows for rapid reproduction, no genetic recombination (a shift in DNA) occurs, the scale that this happens results in mutation to the DNA

(DNA) diversity is good for species

bacteria changes DNA by conjugation, (bridge) (2 bacterial cells join and exchange genetic material), transformation, (environment) (bacteria take pieces of DNA from the environment), transduction, (virus) (viruses that infect bacteria carry genes from one cell to another)

conjugation is almost like sexual reproduction

hard to classify bacteria since they dont breed sexually

bacteria gets classified by shape, cell wall, sources of food and energy genetic analysis

bacteria come in three shapes : spherical (cocci), rod shaped (bacilli) and spiral shaped (spirilla)

gram stain is a method of grouping bacteria by the makeup of cell walls.

gram positive : absorbs the stain (nocardia)

gram negative : does not absorb the stain (e. coli)