Cause & Effect

@@Types of Non-Infectious Disease@@

%%Genetic Disorders-Haemophilia%%

An inherited medical condition caused by a DNA abnormality.

^^Occurrence^^

  • Haemophilia occurs in males only, at a rate of 1 in every 5,000 male births
  • Fatal during childhood

^^Symptoms^^

  • Unexplained and excessive bleeding from cuts or injuries, or after surgery or dental work.
  • Many large or deep bruises.
  • Unusual bleeding after vaccinations.
  • Pain, swelling or tightness in your joints.
  • Blood in your urine or stool.
  • Nosebleeds without a known cause.

^^Cause^^

  • Due to an inherited, defective gene, the person’s blood lacks certain blood factors known as “factor VIII” and “factor IX” protein deficiency
  • Caused by a recessive, sex-linked gene.
  • The recessive gene is carried on the “X” chromosome and so is inherited more commonly in males than females

^^Treatment/Management^^

  • The best way to treat hemophilia is to replace the missing blood clotting factor so that the blood can clot properly.
  • This is typically done by injecting treatment products, called clotting factor concentrates, into a person's vein.

%%Environmental Exposure Diseases - Melanoma%%

^^Occurrence^^

  • Melanoma is the 3rd most common cancer in Australia
  • Almost 2000 Australians die from it each year
  • Australia has the highest incidence of melanoma in the world, per capita
  • People with fair skin are more at risk

^^Symptoms^^

  • Dark, irregular-shaped moles appearing on the skin
  • Irregular shaped moles raising, bleeding and become ulcerated
  • The ‘Primary’ tumours shed cells which spread in the blood and establish ‘Secondary’ tumours in vital organs such as lungs.

^^Cause^^

  • Melanoma is a type of skin cancer that develops when melanocytes’ DNA mutates from the exposure to UV (the cells that give the skin its tan or brown color) start to grow out of control.
  • Absence of lifestyle practices such as limited sun exposure and application of a sunscreen

^^Treatment/Management^^

  • The ‘Primary’ tumour can be removed by surgery
  • The ‘Secondary’ tumour are treated through surgery, radiation therapy and anticancer drugs
  • Can be prevented through avoiding skin exposure to the sn by protective clothings
  • Applying sunscreen lotion

%%Nutritional DIseases - Scurvy%%

^^Occurrence^^

  • Scurvy is rare compared to other nutritional deficiencies. It occurs more often in the developing world in association with malnutrition.
  • Rates among refugees are reported at 5 to 45 percent.

^^Symptoms^^

  • The main protein of skin, bone and hair is “collagen” cannot be made properly by the body, so
    • Hair falls out
    • Skin erupts, flakes and discolours
    • Teeth loosen and fall out
    • Blood capillaries leak blood, so bruising spots appear all over the body

^^Cause^^

  • Lack in Vitamin C in the diet due to insufficient amount of consumption of food that contain vitamin C such as tomatoes and oranges
  • An enzyme responsible for a critical step in making collagen requires vitamin C for its correct functioning

^^Treatment/Management^^

  • A balanced diet including fruits and vegetables that include Vitamin C
  • vitamin C supplementation.

%%Cancer%%