intro to journalism
Page 1: Introduction
Introduction to Journalism 2017 by Bizuayehu Abiy
Page 2: Contents
Historical overview of Journalism
Constraints and Influences on Journalism
The essence of journalism
Ethical and legal aspects of Journalism
New Media and current issues in journalism
Page 3: Chapter One
Historical Overview of Journalism
Page 4: Definition of Journalism
Journalism viewed as a profession, an industry, a culture.
Efforts to define journalism vary among journalists, educators, and scholars.
Page 5: Terms in Journalism
Diverse terms reflect different perceptions and expectations about journalism.
Page 6: Journalist's Perspective
Six References of Journalism
Journalism as Sixth Sense: Intuition for news discovery.
Page 7: News Phenomenon
News as both an event and its report.
"News Sense" equated to having a knack for discovering news.
Page 8: Journalism as a Container
Journalism has volume and limits for information access.
Page 9: Journalism as a Mirror
Observational work sees journalism as reflecting reality.
Emphasizes objectivity and reliability in reporting.
Page 10: Journalism as a Story
Journalism is linked to the news story.
Different types of stories have distinct characteristics.
Page 11: Journalism as a Child
Journalism requires care and nurturing.
Page 12: Journalism as a Service
Journalism functions as a public service focusing on community needs.
Page 13: Scholars' Perspective
Journalism examined academically through professional activities.
Page 14: Journalism's Professional Status
Professionalization of journalism practices; lack of regulated characteristics.
Page 15: Journalism as an Institution
Journalism's link with government, market, culture, and education.
Page 16: Journalism and Politics
Journalism’s impact on public opinion and changing citizenship norms.
Page 17: Journalism as a Practice
Emphasizes practical methods of news gathering and dissemination.
Page 18: Importance of Journalism Practices
Plays a crucial role in consensus building and information sharing.
Page 19: Origins of Journalism
Journalism history linked to communication evolution since Plato.
Page 20: Influence of Enlightenment Thinkers
Focus on literacy and the printing press's impact on society.
Page 21: Professionalization of News Work
Journalism constructed its identity based on its historical narrative.
Page 22: Early News Transmission
Prehistory of journalism included oral traditions.
Page 23: Roman Empire Journalistic Innovations
Acta Diurna as the first known journalistic product in Rome.
Page 24: Emergence of Printed Newspapers
Printed newspapers appeared in Europe during the 17th century.
Page 25: Newspapers' Political Role
Newspapers evolved to become platforms for political debate.
Page 26: Regulation of Early News Culture
Censorship and regulatory mechanisms in early journalism.
Page 27: State Control of Public Discussion
States maintained control to ensure peace and legitimacy.
Page 28: Press Control Mechanisms
Licensing and grants from the state to control press behavior.
Page 29: Journalism Narratives During Revolutions
Heroes of journalism struggle against censorship during revolutions.
Page 30: Origin of the Term Journalism
"Journalism" originated in 19th-century France with opinion pieces.
Page 31: Celebratory Accounts of Journalism
Whig theory of history celebrates journalistic freedom and democracy.
Page 32: Ascendancy of Whig Model
The impact of journalism and press freedom on individual narratives.
Page 33: Mass Press Development
Mass press evolved with a focus on advertising revenue and broader audience.
Page 34: Modern Journalism's Emergence
Journalism defined by sensationalism and public interest focus.
Page 35: Concerns Over Journalism's Impact
Concerns about journalism's influence on public intelligence and morality.
Page 36: Professionalization Movement
Establishment of journalism schools and codes of ethics in the 20th century.
Page 37: Monopoly and Journalism Education
Journalism's independence linked to market conditions and educational needs.
Page 38: Variations in Professional Journalism
Global differences in journalism's institutionalization.
Page 39: Radical Political Theory's Influence
Alternative visions of journalism shaped by communist and radical ideas.
Page 40: Post-WWII Journalism Landscape
New world orders and comparative media systems post-war.
Page 41: Impact of Globalization and New Technologies
Digital advances and globalization change traditional journalism.
Page 42: Rethinking Journalism's Role
Calls for new public journalism post-high modernism.
Page 43: Legal Recognitions of Journalism
Journalists achieve unique rights and privileges in government affairs.
Page 44: Press Power Analysis
Media's power involves beyond mere idea persuasion to agenda-setting.
Page 45: Historical Context of Journalism
Changes in journalism essential to technological advancements since Renaissance.
Page 46: Rise of the Telegraph and News Services
Telecommunication advancements transformed news reporting.
Page 47: Broadcasting History
Early radio broadcasts marking the start of broadcasting journalism.
Page 48: Development of Radio News
Growth of dedicated news departments in radio networks.
Page 49: Television’s Revolutionary Impact
Transitioning from radio to TV as a primary news source.
Page 50: TV Journalism Milestones
BBC launches first regular TV news service; U.S. broadcasters follow.
Page 51: Advancements in Satellite Technology
Satellite tech enables global news reporting and immediacy.
Page 52: Emergence of 24-Hour News Channels
CNN, Fox News, and others reshape news consumption in the 1990s.
Page 53: Introduction of Online Journalism
Birth of online journalism driven by internet advancements.
Page 54: First Online News Outlets
Major milestones marking the shift to digital journalism.
Page 55: Growth of Online News Presence
Increasing web presence among established news organizations.
Page 56: Citizen Journalism Emergence
The rise of citizen journalism influences traditional news dynamics.
Page 57: Chapter Two
Essence of Journalism
Definition and qualities that distinguish a journalist.
Page 58: Who is a Journalist?
Definition from Jay Black emphasizing ethical engagement in journalism.
Page 59: Qualities of Good Journalists
Traits that define effective journalists amid societal anomalies.
Page 60: Scope of Journalism
Broad relevance of journalism across all aspects of life and media.
Page 61: Scope of Journalistic Science
Overview of journalism’s foundational concepts and practices.
Page 62: Journalism and Morality
The importance of ethics within journalism practices.
Page 63: Elements of Journalism
Core obligations related to truth and citizen loyalty in reporting.
Page 64: Verification Discipline
Practices ensuring accuracy and upholding journalistic integrity.
Page 65: Journalism Monitoring Power
Watchdog role of journalism in a democratic society.
Page 66: Public Forum Responsibilities
Media's role in facilitating public dialogue and representation.
Page 67: Significance and Relevance
Journalism's purpose in storytelling and public engagement.
Page 68: Citizen Responsibilities
Brief overview of citizenship roles in interacting with media.
Page 69: Classification by Medium
Different forms of journalism based on delivery methods.
Page 70: Genre Based Classification
Five types of journalism genres as classified by Marques de Melo.
Page 71: Specialization Classifications
Categorization based on specific areas of reporting.
Page 72: Investigative Journalism
In-depth research focused on uncovering social truths.
Page 73: Sports Writing
Coverage of sports-related news and events.
Page 74: Entertainment Journalism
Reporting on celebrities, reviews, and entertainment news.
Page 75: Travel Writing
Exploring destinations and sharing travel experiences.
Page 76: Business Journalism
Reporting on economic and financial topics.
Page 77: Science and Technology Writing
Simplifying complex scientific concepts for public understanding.
Page 78: Lifestyle Journalism
Topics such as fashion, food, and personal interests.
Page 79: Crime Journalism
Focus on criminal events and issues within the justice system.
Page 80: Data Journalism
Utilizing data for reporting and news verification.
Page 81: Role of Journalism in Society
Conceptualizations of journalism's roles in political and societal areas.
Page 82: Journalistic Roles in Political Life
The necessary information for citizens to engage in democracy.
Page 83: Informational Function of Journalism
Importance of innovative journalism roles for society's participation.
Page 84: Analytical-Democratic Dimension
Advocated roles that affect political discourse.
Page 85: Critical-Monitorial Function
Journalists as critics ensuring accountability of power.
Page 86: Advocative-Radical Function
Engagement of journalists with societal power structures.
Page 87: Developmental-Educative Dimension
Education roles aimed at social change and civic involvement.
Page 88: Collaborative-Facilitative Dimension
Partnerships with government focuses on societal wellbeing.
Page 89: Journalism in Everyday Life
Addressing the individual and consumer needs of society.
Page 90: Audience Relationship with Journalism
The complex interdependency between audiences and media.
Page 91: Advertising Impact on Journalism
Advertising's critical role in media sustainability and its challenges.
Page 92: Ownership's Influence
The role of media ownership on content and autonomy.
Page 93: Media Autonomy
The effects of ownership on journalistic practices and freedoms.
Page 94: Public Relations and Journalism
Interconnection and reliance for story and information sharing.
Page 95: Constraints on Journalism
The influences that shape journalistic output and content.
Page 96: Political Pressures
Political influences on media content and practices.
Page 97: Ethical Standards
Principles guiding journalistic conduct and accountability.
Page 98: Chapter Four
Ethical and Legal Aspects of Journalism
Page 99: Media Law Definition
Rules governing the flow of information and journalistic practices.
Page 100: Freedom of the Press
The significance of media law concerning expression and democracy.
Page 101: Watchdog Role of the Media
Media's responsibility to monitor and inform the public.
Page 102: Restrictions on Freedom of Press
Circumstances justifying limitations on media freedom.
Page 103: Defamation Laws
Overview of defamation and invasion of privacy in journalism.
Page 104: Copyright Essentials
Legal protections of creative works and their implications.
Page 105: Sedition in Journalism
Consequences of inflammatory expression against governance.
Page 106: Contempt of Court Laws
Regulations to safeguard judicial integrity in reporting.
Page 107: Media Ethics
Exploration of ethics in journalism, principles, and guidelines.
Page 108: SPJ Code of Ethics
Core ethical responsibilities outlined for journalists.
Page 109: Ethics in Ethiopian Journalism
Overview of the Ethiopian Media Council's ethical code.
Page 110: Chapter Five
New Media and Current Issues in Journalism
Page 111: Definition of New Media
The evolution of electronic communication forms in journalism.
Page 112: The Internet as Mass Media
The internet's roles in information distribution and communication.
Page 113: Characteristics of New Media
Key characteristics defining the evolution of new media formats.
Page 114: Digital Journalism Explained
The merging of digital technology with journalistic practices.
Page 115: Changes in Journalism Practice
Adaptations in reporting styles due to rapid news dissemination.
Page 116: Data-Driven Journalism
Trends utilizing data analysis for news creation and storytelling.
Page 117: Professional Identity Shifts
New journalist roles emerging from digital and data integration.
Page 118: Business Model Changes
Shifts in revenue models affecting news production dynamics.
Page 119: Ethical and Legal Challenges
Addressing misinformation, copyright, and privacy in journalism.