Modern Perspectives in Psychology
1. Psychodynamic Perspective Sigmund Freud Perspective Forces beyond our conscious awareness determine our behavior The gateway to the unconscious mind are dreams and slips`of the tongue (Freudian slips) Though highly criticized, his perspective has been very useful in understanding behavior' including personality development and treatment & management of mental disorders
Modern Perspectives in Psychology 2. Behavioral Perspective This perspective led by John B Watson This perspective supports the study of overt and measurable • behaviors. • Environmental influences through conditioning and reinforcement shape our behavior .“We can take some control of our behavior through learning and manipulation of our environment. Its application led us to understanding how we learn, with stress and anxiety, changing maladaptive behaviors.
3. Humanistic Perspective • Led by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow We have control over our behavior by means of our natural tendencies towards growth and realization of our full potentials and abilities ∙ We are not Simply shaped loy our environment rather we can make choices over how We direct our lives and we are not simply victims of our circumstances This perspective encourages individuals to live better and fulfilling life
. Neuroscience Perspective Introduced
by Hippocrates and Gall • Ilt focuses on the functions of the nervous system, the brain, and other systems of our body and its effect on our behavior • Two approaches in Psychology under this perspective 0 Cognitive Neuroscience - focus on the mapping of the brain and its functions in relation to mental activities. biology, and evolution shape our behavior. C Evolutionary Psychology Behaviors, motivations, and cognitions are "'wired?' or programmed in the brain and it can be passed on to the next generation genetically. Thus, behaviors are predisposed.
Fields of` Psychology
1.Biological Psychology studies the relationship between biological functions and processes to behavior
2. Developmental Psychology is the study of growth and changes across lifespan.
3.Clinical and Counseling Psychology is applied discipline of psychology that studies thé origin of maladaptive" behavior and its corresponding treatment
Psychology
4. Experimental Psychology is largely based on either behavioral or cognitive perspectivěs. It examines behavior through experimentations and studies how people perceives Tearn or think about the world.
5. School and Educational Psychology focuses on how children learn and the adjustments they make in school. School psychologists directly deals with students while educational Psychologist conducts research on teaching methods and learning processes.
Fields of Psychology
Induștrial/Organizational, Psychology is an applied, discipline of psychology', that `extends psychological facts and principles in studying issues and -problems of individuals in the field of work.
Methods of Psychological Research • Psychologists follow the scientific methods in systematically acquiring knowledge about human nature and in understanding behavior +Standardization simply rests on the notion that alysis, and evaluation research follows a uniform procedure, administration
Steps in Sc 1. Hypothesis - an "educated guess' that can lead to prediction. 2. Method - should be done systematically 3. Results - measurement of outcomes 4. Interpretation - finding what the results mean. It either accept or reject the hypothesis S Replicability • Replicable results are those that anyone can obtain at least approximately. by following the same procedures. Scientist mast on replicable results
Conducting Psychological Research tE Descriptive Research systematic investigation of а, person, group or patterns of behavior that provides detailed characteristics or 'classification of psychological constructs or issues being studied Methodology Archival Research Testing hypothesis through,examining existing data about psychological constructs being studied. Tt is the easiëst way to collect data or event
Survey Research Investigates behavior through the administration of survey questionnaire or interview
Conducting Psychological Research Descriptive Research
Methodology Case Study •
.An in-depth and detailed investigation of a single individual or small group of persons by collecting historical and current information about them. • Naturalistic Observation It involves investigating behavior as it occurs. The sample obtained is authentic and can be acquired real time Correlational Research It examines the relationship between two sets of variables from which inferences can be made.
Conducting Psychological Research Experimental Research • Is considered to be the strongest test of hypotheses. It looks at casual relationships between variabľes through the careful manipulations of these variables in controlled, laboratory conditions. Methodology Variables Independent variable is the item that an experimenter changes or controls Dependent variable is the item that an experimenter measures to determine how it was affected Experimental Manipulation and treatment Are the changes the experimenter create in the experimental setting Treatment refers to manipulations given to a particular group in an experiment:
Psychological Research Methods Conducting Psychological Research Experimental Research Methodology Control Group and Experimental Group They are the participants that are group accordingly Control group serves as the baseline of the behavior being,studied and through which observations in the experimental group is being compared Experimental group -the one that receives the treatment Random Selection"and random assignment
Random selection gives equal opportunity for everyone in the population has an equal chance to participate in the research Random Assignment is where the chosen participants are assigned to different groups
by chance alone