Term 2 Transfusion Revision

The exam is based on case studies and the questions will relate to these case studies

The main aim is to identify the correct blood for transfusion for the pateint

what tests are used to determine blood

• ABO and Rh typing

• Antibody Screening

• Antibody identification

Forward grouping - typing the rbcs for the presence of the A/B antigens

Reverse gropuing - testing the serum for the presence of anti-A and anti-B antibodies to confirm the blood group.

Centrifugation is what is needed to obtain a band to able to interpret resutls for both forward and reverse grouping, as it separates the plasma from the red blood cells, allowing for clear observation of any agglutination reactions.

Anti-A = antibodies that react with A antigens, indicating the presence of type B or O blood in the patient.

Anti-B = antibodies that react with B antigens, indicating the presence of type A or O blood in the patient.

Anti-AB = antibodies that react with both A and B antigens, indicating the presence of type O blood in the patient.

Anti-D = antibodies that react with the D antigen, indicating the presence of Rh-positive blood in the patient.

Anti-O = antibodies that do not react with A or B antigens, indicating the presence of type A, B, or AB blood in the patient.

CDE =

For THE REVERSE GROUP SERUM IS ADDED

For results that are 2+ there is a way to boost he reaction to allow the reaction to be visible to interpret. Certain enzymes are used to enhance the agglutination process, making it easier to observe and interpret the blood group results.

However both are d antigens BUT they are different varients not referring to a positve and negative d antigen

DVI- referes to the d antigen

DVI+ referes to the d anitgen

There are different versions of blood group A. There is A1, which is RBC with a high presence of antigens of the cell. There is also A2, which is an a RBC with LESS presence of antigens.

This could cause misinterpretations in the CAT test where a patient with A2 blood group may be incorrectly classified as A1 due to the lower antigen density, potentially leading to inappropriate transfusion decisions.