Plants Lab Practical 2

Simple – formed from a single pistil

Dry – pericarp dry, tough, or thick

Indehiscent- not opening at maturity

Achene – seed attached at one point inside the pericarp; ex. sunflower, strawberry

Caryopsis or grain – seed fused to the pericarp; ex. wheat, corn, rice, etc.

Samara – actually a winged-pericarp; ex. ash and elm

Nut – very hard “stony” pericarp; ex. acorn (oak), chestnut

Schizocarp – “split fruit” ovaries in pairs; ex. carrot, dill, parsley, and maple

Dehiscent– fruit splitting open at maturity

Follicle – splitting open along one suture; ex. magnolia and milkweed

Legume – splitting open along one suture; ex. bean, pea, and redbud tree

Capsule – splitting open along more than two sutures; ex. tulip, iris, okra, and poppy

Silique – seeds formed on a partition between halves of an ovary; ex. mustard and radish

Fleshy – pericarp usually thick and juicy

Berry – one to many seeds formed in a superior ovary that is fleshy throughout; ex. grape tomato, avocado, kiwi fruit, and eggplant

Hesperidium – outer layer covered with leather skin containing oils, inside fleshy fruit contains juice sacs; ex. orange, lime, and grapefruit

Pepo – many seeds formed in an inferior ovary, outer layer covered with a thick rind and oils are absent; ex. cucumber, squash, watermelon, and pumpkin

Drupe – one-seeded, with outer portions of the pericarp fleshy (exocarp and mesocarp) and inner most layer of the ovary hard (stony endocarp); ex. cherry, peachy, walnut, pecan, and coconut

Pome – ovary is inferior and fleshy part of fruit derived from the receptacle; ex. quince, apple, pear

Aggregate – derived from several pistils on the same flower

Multiple – derived from a structure combining many flower, fruits fuse into a structure known as multiple fruit; ex. hedge apples, pineapple, mulberries

Hydrophytes – lacking a cuticle or stomata, adapted to water

Xerophytes – thick cuticle, adapted to arid climates

Tendrils – leaves that increase plant stability; ex. pea plant

Sensitive plants – respond to electrical and chemical signals; ex. mimosa

Carnivorous plant – modified to attract and digest insects; ex. Venus flytrap

Other modified leaves – thorns, spines, prickles, onion bulbs

Cotyledon – embryonic leaves that emerge from a seed

Apex – tip of the leaf

Margin – edge of the leaf

Veins – network of vascular tissues

Midrib – main vascular tissues running through the leaf’s center

Base – portion of a leaf attaching to petiole/stem

Petiole – the stalk that joins a leaf to a stem

Stipule – a small appendage at the base of a petiole

Opposite – two leaves per node

Alternate – one leaf per node

Whorled – rings of three or more leaflets

Rosette – leaflets in tight circular rings

Simple leaf – a leaf with an undivided blade; maple

Compound leaf – a leaf where the blade is divided forming leaflets

Leaflet – leaf-like part of a compound leaf

Rachis – the extension of the petiole in a compound leaf that bears individual leaflets

Petiolule -stalk attaching leaflets to rachis

Palmately compound leaf – a leaf that has its leaflets radiating outwards from the end of the petiole; buckeye

Pinnately compound leaf – a leaf where the leaflets are arranged along the middle vein; black locust

Bipinnately compound leaves – twice divided with secondary and tertiary leaflets; mimosa

Parallel venation -the veins run in straight lines across the length of the leaf without converging; typical of monocots

Reticulate venation – the veins of the leaf have a net-like appearance, extending along midrib; typical of dicots

Palmate venation – veins radiate along leaf from petiole

Pinnate venation – veins extend from midrib to edges of the leaf

Dichotomous venation – the veins fork into two equal branches as they extend towards the leaf margin; ginkgo

Epidermal – out covering of roots, stems, and leaves; provides protection and allows transpiration

Cuticle – protective waxy layer covering the epidermis of leaves; protects/prevents water loss

Stomata – an opening that allows a plant to take up carbon dioxide and release oxygen and water vapor

Guard cells – flank stoma in pairs to regulate their opening and closing

Dicot guard cells – kidney bean shaped

Monocot guard cells – dumbbell shaped

Dicot leaf mesophyll – made up of palisade and spongy mesophyll

Monocot leaf mesophyll – only has spongy mesophyll

Pistil contains the female parts

Stamen contains the male parts

Complete flowers have: sepals, petals, stamens, and pistil

Incomplete flower has no sepals

Imperfect flower staminate – flower with male structure

Imperfect flower pistillate – flower with female structure

Monocots have parts in 3s

Dicots have parts in 4s or 5s

Epigynous – inferior ovary

Perigynous – superior ovary

Hypogynous – superior ovary

Fruit – the mature ovary or ovaries of one or more flowers

Seed – a seed is a fertilized (mature) ovule containing the plant embryo

Pericarp – the part of a fruit formed from the wall of the ripened ovary

Endosperm – nutritive tissue for developing embryo

Simple fruit – a fruit that develops from a single pistil

Aggregate fruit – develops from several pistils on the same flower

Multiple fruit – develops from multiple flowers, the fruits fuse into one structure

Inferior ovary – when the ovary is below or inside floral parts

Ovule – eventually develops into seeds

Sepal – collectively referred to as the calyx

Superior ovary – when the ovary is above or on the same level as the floral parts

Petals are collectively referred to as the corolla

Micropyle – small opening by which pollen tube reaches ovule

Haploid -> diploid: mitosis

Diploid -> haploid: meiosis

Stipule – helps protect young, new growth

Double fertilization – when two sperm are involved in fertilization