A&P Unit 1 Quiz Study Guide

A&P Unit 1 Quiz Study Guide

PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) Procedures

  • Steps for Putting on PPE:

    • Wash hands thoroughly.
    • Don appropriate attire starting with the gown, followed by masks, and gloves last.
    • Ensure proper fit to prevent contamination.

  • Steps for Taking off PPE:

    • Remove gloves first, ensuring the skin does not touch the exterior of the gloves.
    • Remove gown by untieing and rolling it inward.
    • Remove mask by handling the ties or ear loops without touching the front.
    • Wash hands immediately after removal.

Microbiome Overview

  • Definition of Microbiome:

    • The microbiome is the collection of microorganisms residing in and on the human body.

  • Roles of Microbiome:

    • Roles include:
    1. Digestion of food.
    2. Protection against pathogens.
    3. Regulation of immune system.
    4. Synthesis of essential nutrients (like vitamins).

  • Organisms Found in Microbiome:

    • Trillions of microbial cells represent up to 1,000 distinct species.

Areas of the Body Containing Microorganisms

  • Body Regions and Microorganisms:
    • Gut: 500 to 1,000 species.
    • Skin: Over 100 species.
    • Mouth: Approximately 500 species.
    • Vagina: About 30 species.

Development and Disruption of Microbiome

  • Development of Microbiome:

    • Begins at birth and is influenced by:
    • Mode of delivery (vaginal vs. cesarean).
    • Environmental factors (diet, exposure to microbes).

  • Effects of Disruption:

    • Disruption can lead to: diarrhea, increased susceptibility to infections, obesity, and allergies.

Components of Bacterial Cells

  • Basic Components Include:
    • Cell Wall: Provides structure and shape.
    • Plasma Membrane: Regulates movement of substances in and out.
    • Cytoplasm: Contains the cell's internal components.
    • Ribosomes: Site of protein synthesis.
    • Genetic Material (DNA): Contains the information for reproduction and functions.

Bacterial Shapes and Groupings

  • Different Bacterial Shapes: (Morphology)

    • Cocci: Spherical shape.
    • Bacilli: Rod shape.
    • Spirilla: Spiral shape.

  • Grouping of Bacteria: (Arrangement)

    • Singularly: Individually.
    • Pairs: (Diplococci, diplobacilli).
    • Chains: (Streptococci, streptobacilli).
    • Clusters: (Staphylococci).

Antibiotic Prescriptions and Infections

  • Antibiotics for Viral Infections:
    • Doctors do not prescribe antibiotics for viral infections because antibiotics target bacterial structures and functions and do not affect viruses, thus an inappropriate usage can lead to antibiotic resistance.

Chain of Infection

  • Components of Chain:
    1. Pathogen: The infectious agent (virus, bacteria).
    2. Reservoir: Place where the pathogen lives (humans, animals).
    3. Portal of Exit: Route by which the pathogen leaves the reservoir (secretions, excretions).
    4. Mode of Transmission: How the pathogen is spread (contact, droplet, airborne).
    5. Portal of Entry: Way the pathogen enters a new host (mucous membranes, broken skin).
    6. Susceptible Host: A person at risk of infection due to weakened immune defenses.

Gram Staining

  • Definition and Purpose:

    • Gram staining is a technique to classify bacteria into two categories based on cell wall properties.

  • Colors Observed:

    • Gram-Positive: Stains purple due to a thick peptidoglycan layer.
    • Gram-Negative: Stains pink due to a thin peptidoglycan layer and outer membrane.

  • Effect of Penicillin:

    • Gram-Positive: Sensitive, as penicillin interferes with cell wall synthesis.
    • Gram-Negative: Generally resistant due to the outer membrane barrier.

Healthcare-related Infections

  • Types of Infections Include:

    • Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs).
    • Surgical Site Infections.
    • Pneumonia.
    • Bloodstream Infections (BSIs).

  • Most Significant:

    • Bloodstream Infections can lead to severe outcomes and complications like sepsis.

Changes in the Microbiome

  • Observations and Occurrences:
    • Changes may occur due to factors such as:
    • Antibiotic use.
    • Diet changes.
    • Illness.
    • Hygiene practices.

Characteristics of Viruses

  • Distinct Characteristics:

    • Viruses are not cells; they require a host to reproduce.
    • They consist of genetic material (DNA or RNA) encased within a protein coat (capsid).

  • Comparison with Bacteria:

    • Viruses are much smaller than bacteria and cannot perform metabolic processes independently.

Portal of Entry

  • Definition:

    • A portal of entry is the site through which pathogens enter the host's body.

  • Examples Include:

    1. Respiratory tract.
    2. Digestive tract.
    3. Skin (broken or compromised).
    4. Urogenital tract.
    5. Blood (via cuts or injuries).

Steps of Viral Replication

  1. Attachment: Virus binds to the host cell surface.
  2. Penetration: Virus enters the host cell.
  3. Uncoating: Virus’s genetic material is released.
  4. Replication: Host's cellular machinery replicates viral components.
  5. Assembly: New viral particles are assembled within the host cell.
  6. Release: New viruses exit the host cell to infect other cells.

Fecal Transplant

  • Definition:

    • A fecal transplant involves transferring stool from a healthy donor into the gastrointestinal tract of a recipient to restore a healthy microbiome.

  • Effects on Life:

    • Can alleviate recurrent Clostridium difficile infections and normalize gut flora leading to improved digestive health.

C-difficile (Clostridium difficile)

  • Definition:

    • C-difficile is a bacterium that causes severe diarrhea and abdominal pain, often associated with antibiotic use.

  • Prevention Steps:

    • Hand hygiene, surface disinfection, and cautious antibiotic prescriptions to prevent overgrowth.

Pathogen Spread

  • Different Ways Pathogens Spread:
    • Direct contact.
    • Indirect contact (via surfaces or objects).
    • Airborne transmission (droplets)
    • Vector-borne transmission (insects or animals).

Susceptible Host

  • Definition:

    • A susceptible host is an individual who lacks sufficient immune response against infections.

  • At-risk populations include:

    • Elderly individuals.
    • Immunocompromised patients (due to diseases such as HIV or treatments like chemotherapy).
    • Those with chronic illnesses (such as diabetes or respiratory diseases).