Head, Face, Eyes, Ears, Nose and throat - quick review

Anatomy

Head

  • Bones

    • Head

      • Frontal

      • Ethmoid

      • Sphenoid

      • Two parietal

      • Two temporal

      • Occipital

  • Brain

    • Cerebrum - memory, reasoning, intelligence, learning, judgment, emotions

    • Cerebellum - synergistic movements of skeletal muscles

    • Pons - sleep, posture, respiration, swallowing, bladder

    • Medulla oblongata - the lowest part of the brain stem; heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, coughing, sneezing, vomiting

  • Meninges

    • Dura mater --> subdural space --> arachnoid mater --> subarachnoid space   --> pia mater

      • CSF between arachnoid and pia mater

Face

  • Supraorbital ridges - frontal sinuses

  • Facial skeleton

  • Maxillary bone

  • Mandible - teeth, larynx, trachea, upper airway, upper digestive tract

  • Temporomandibular joint

Dental anatomy

  • Crown - portion protruding from the gum

  • Root - extends into the alveolar bone

  • Dentin - underneath enamel and cementum

  • Pulp - within the dentin

Nose

  • The nasal septum divides the nasal cavity

Ear

  • External

  • Middle (tympanic membrane)

  • Internal

  • Eustachian tube - equalizes pressure between the middle and internal ear

  • Auricle (pinna) - external

  • External auditory canal (meatus)

Eye

  • Eye protected by the sclera

  • Cornea covers pupil

Head Evaluation and Injuries

  • Retrograde amnesia - loss of memory of events that occurred before injury

  • Anterograde amnesia - loss of memory of an event that occurred after injury

  • PEARL - pupils equal and reactive to light

  • Eye-tracking - nystagmus

  • Blurred vision

  • Balance testing

    • Romberg test

    • BESS

    • Coordination tests

    • Cognitive tests
       

  • Skull fracture

  • Cerebral concussions (mild head injuries)

  • Post-concussion syndrome

  • Second impact syndrome

  • Cerebral contusion

  • Malignant brain edema syndrome

  • Epidural hematoma

  • Subdural hematoma

  • Migraine headaches

  • Scalp injuries

Common Injuries

  • Face

    • Mandible joint

    • Mandibular dislocation

    • Temporomandibular joint dysfunction

    • Zygomatic complex fracture

    • Maxillary fracture

    • Facial lacerations

  • Dental

    • Tooth fractures

    • Tooth subluxation, luxation, avulsion

      • Wear a mouth guard and care for your teeth

  • Nose

    • Nasal fractures and chondral separations

    • Deviated septum

    • Nosebleed

  • Ear

    • Auricular hematoma (cauliflower ear)

    • Rupture of tympanic membrane

    • Swimmer's ear (otitis externa)

    • Middle ear infection (otitis media)

    • Impacted cerumen

  • Eye

    • Orbital hematoma (black eye)

    • Orbital fractures

    • Foreign body in the eye

    • Corneal abrasions and lacerations

    • Hyphemia

    • Rupture of the Globe

    • Retinal detachment

    • Acute conjunctivitis

    • Hordeolum (sty)

  • Throat

    • Contusions

    • Thyroid gland disorders

      • Hyperthyroidism - overproduction of thyroxine

      • Hypothyroidism - deficient secretion of thyroid hormone