8. Chapter 8 - Muscular system

  1. Identify and compare skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. 

- Skeletal:

  • attaches to bones of the skeleton and moves the bones

  • largest amount of muscle in the body

  • voluntary as it is under conscious control

  • striated and looks striped. Cells contain many nuclei and mitochondria

- Cardiac:

  • Found only in the heart

  • cardiac muscle is striated and involuntary

  • Muscle fibers (cells) are branched and connected to each other with intercalated disks

intercalated disks: Think of intercalated disks as inter-connecting docks that link cardiac muscle cells together so the heart can beat as a single, unified pump.

- Smooth:

  • muscle found all over the body and carries out internal movement

  • under involuntary control

  • found in the intestine, bladder, uterus, and in the walls of blood vessels

  1. Describe the structure of skeletal muscle, including its connective tissues and attachments. 


  1. Explain how nerve impulses stimulate muscle contraction and relaxation.


  1. Identify major muscle groups and describe their actions.


  1. Differentiate between the roles of agonists, antagonists, synergists, and fixators.


  1. Identify the major organs of the urinary system and describe their functions.


  1. Describe the gross and microscopic anatomy of the kidneys.


  1. Identify the structures of the nephron and explain their roles in urine production.


  1. Explain how the kidneys regulate fluid balance, blood pressure, and pH.


  1. Describe how urine is transported, stored, and eliminated.


  1. Recognize important terminology, including polyuria, polydipsia, urolithiasis, and uremia


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