notes

Classification of drugs + Write two representants of each category

Categories of drugs, Classification of drugs

Antibiotics

Question 1. Classification of ATBs according to the effect on microorganisms:

answer 1: Bacteriostatics (Tetracyclines, Sulphonamides) and Bactericidal (Penicillins, Cephalosporins)

Question 2: Give 2 examples of bacteriostatic drugs:

Answer 2: tetracyclines, sulphonamides

Question 3: Give 2 examples of bactericidal drugs:

Answer 3: Penicillins, cephalosporins

Question 4: Classification according to mechanism of action:

• Cell wall synthesis inhibitors (Beta-lactams, glycopeptides)

• Permeability of cell membrane (Polymyxin, nystatin)

• Protein synthesis inhibitors (Tetracyclines, amphenicols)

• Nucleic acids synthesis inhibitors (Rifamycins, griseofulvin)

Question 5: Give 2 examples of cell wall synthesis inhibitors:

• B-lactams, glycopeptides

Question 6: Give 2 examples of permeability of cell membrane:

• Polymyxin, nystatin

Question 7:

                        Classification according to the spectrum of action

            Narrow-spectrum antibiotic (penicillin G, streptomycin)

            Broad-spectrum antibiotic (tetracyclines, amfenicols)

            Slightly-broad spectrum (aminoglycosides, macrolides)

                        Classification according to chemical structure

            Penicillins (Benzylpenicilin = penicillin G), amoxicillin) (beta-lactam)

            Cefalosporins (cefalexin, ceftiofur)

            Tetracyclins (tetracyclin, oxytetracycline)

            Amfenicols (florfenicol)

            Polypetides and glycopeptides (kolistin, polymyxin)

            Aminoglycosides (gentamycin, streptomycin)

            Macrolids (erythromycin, tylosin)

            Lincosamids (Linkomycin, clindamycin)

            Ansamycin (rifaximin)

            Diterpens (tiamulin, Valneomulin)

            Antibiotics with different structure (novobiocin, fusidic acid)

Sulphonamides

                        Classification according to duration of action

            Short-acting (sulfathiazole, sulfacetamide)

            Intermediate-acting (sulfadimidine, sulfadiazine)

            Long-acting (Sufadoxine, sulfadimethoxine)

                        Classification based on use

            Highly soluble – for urinary tract infections (sulfafurazole, sulfasomidine)

            Poorly soluble – for intestinal infections (sulfasalazine, sulfaclozine)

            Topical sulfonamides (sulfacetamide, sulfathiazole)

Quinolones and Fluoroquinolones

                        Classification based on generations (1 to 4)

            1^st generation, quinolones (Nalidixid acid, Oxalin acid)

            2^nd to 4^th generation, fluoroquinolones (Enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin)

Antiparasitics

                        Anticoccidial drugs

                                   Ionophores (Monensin, narasin)

                                   Quinolines (buquinolate, decoquinate)

                                   Quinazolines (halofuginone)

                                   Triaziones (toltrazuril)

                                   Benzenacetonitriles (diclazuril, clazuril)

                                   Benzyl purines (arprinocid)

                                   Guanidines (robenidime)

                                   Pyridines (clopidol)

Dihydrofolate reductase/Thymidylate synthase inhibitors (Diaveridine, tripethoprim)

                                   Other anticoccidials (amprolium, nicarbazin)

                                   Sulfonamides (sulfaclozine, sulfadimidines)

            For Treatment of cryptosporidiosis (paromycin)

            For Treatment of babesiosis (Phenamidine, quinuronium)

            For Antitrypanosome drugs (quinapyramime, diminazene)

            For Treatment of Leishmania spp. infections (pentamidine)

            For Treatment of histomonas trichomonas and Giardia infections

                        Nitroimidazoles (metronidazole, dimetridazole)

                        Other compounds (aminonitrotiazole, aminitrizol)

            Anthelmintics

                        Antinematodals

                                   Imidazoles (albendazole, fenbendazole)

                                   Tetrahydropyrimidines (pyrantel, oxantel)

                                   Organophosphate compounds (haloxon, trichlorphon)

                                   Macrocyclic lactones (Ivermectine, milbemycin oxim)

                                   Heterocyclic compounds (piperazine, phenothiazine)

                                   Miscellaneous nematocidal compounds (emodepside, nitroscanate)

                        Antitrematodals

                                   Halogenated salicylanilides (rafoxanide, closantel)

                                   Halogenated phenols (niclofolan, nitroxinil)

                                   Benzimidazoles (albendazole)

                                   Phenoxyalcans (diamphenethide)

                                   Benzesulfonamides (clorsulon, triclabendazole)

                                   Organophosphates (bromphenophos, trichlorphon)

                                   Chlorinated derivatives (hexachloroparaxylene, hexachlorophene)

                        Anticestodals

                                   Synthetic organic compounds (niclosamide, praziquantel)

                                   Benzimidazoles (mebendazole, fenbendazole)

                                   Miscellaneous anticestodal drugs (dichlorophen, hexachlorophene)

Ectoparasiticides

                        Pyretrines and synthetic pyrethroids (permethrin, cypermethrin)

                        Organochlorines (aldrin, dieldrin)

                        Organophosphates (coumaphos, diazinon)

                        Carbamates (carbaryl, propoxur)

                        Other ectoparasiticides (amitraz, fipronil)

                        Macrocyclic lactones (ivermectine, milbemycin oxime)

                        Insect growth regulators (diflubenzuron, flufenoxuron)

Local anaesthetics

            Esters (cocaine, procaine)

            Amides (trimecaine, lidocaine)

General inhalation anaesthetics

            Liquid inhalation anaesthetics (halothane, Isoflurane)

            Gas inhalation anaesthetics (Nitrous oxide, Carbon dioxide)

General injection anaesthetics

            Barbiturates (thiopental, pentobarbital)

            Nonbarbiturates (propofol, etomidate)

            Dissociative anaesthetics (ketamine, tiletamine)

            Miscellaneous agents (metomidate, propanilid)

Sedatives

            Phenothiazines (acepromazine, chlorpromazine)

            Alpha2-adrenergic agonists (xylazine, detomidin)

            Benzodiazepines (diazepam, zolazepam)

            Butyrophenones (azaperone, droperidol)

            Rauwolfia alkaloids (reserpine, metoserpate)

Analgesics

            Opioid analgesics (morphine, codeine, heroine)

            Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and others

                        Carboxylic acids

                                   Salicylates (acetylsalicylic acid – aspirin)

                                   Propionic acids (Ketoprofen, Carprofen)

                                   Fenemates (Tolfenamic and meclofenamic acids)

                                   Phenylacetic acids (acetaminophen – paracetamol)

                                   Aminonicotinic acids (Flunixin)

                        Enolic acids

                                   Pyrazolones (Phenylbutazone)

                                   Oxicams (Meloxicams, Piroxicams)

                        Coxib (Deracoxib, firocoxib)

                        Other NSAIDs (Tepoxalin)

            Steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

                        Glucocorticoids (Hydrocortisone, Fludrocortisone)

Drugs affecting autonomic nervous system1

            Parasympathotropic agents

                        Parasympathomimetics (cholinergic agonists)

                                   Directly acting (acetylcholine, muscarine)

                                   Indirectly acting (physostigmine, neostigmine)

                        Parasympatholytics (cholinergic antagonists) (atropine, scopolamine)

            Sympathotropic agents

                        Sympathomimetics (adrenergic agonists) (adrenaline, dopamine)

                        Sympatholytics (adrenergic antagonists) (ergotamine, prazosine)

Drugs affecting cardiovascular system

Positive inotropes

Cardiac glycosides (digoxin)

Phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors (pimobendane)

Catecholamines (Dopamine, Dobutamine, Epinephrine)

Antihypertensives and vasodilators

Acetylcholinesterase (ACE) inhibitors (Enalapril, Benazepril)

Calcium channel blockers (Amlodipine, Diltiazem)

Alpha-blockers (Prazosin)

Beta-blockers (Propanolol, metoprolol)

Diuretics (Furosemide, Chlorothiazide)

Other hypotensives – vasodilators

Antianemic agents (Vitamin B12, Folic acid, Iron)

Agents influencing the blood coagulation

Anticoagulants

           Inhibitors of clotting factors (Heparin, Dalteparin, enoxaparin)

           Vitamin K antagonists (Sodium warfarin, Ethyl biscoumacetate)

           Calcium chelators (in vitro) (Sodium citrate, Sodium oxalate)

           Enzymes (Streptokinase)

Drugs used to treat bleeding

Haemostatics

Lyophilized concentrates

Astringents (Epinephrine, norepinephrine)

Drugs affecting the respiratory tract

            Mucolytics and expectorants

                        Saline expectorants (ammonium chloride, ammonium carbonate)

                        Direct stimulants (eucalyptus oil, Guaifenesin)

                        Mucolytics (N-acetylcysteine, Dembrexine)

            Antitussive drugs

                        Narcotic antitussives (Morphine, codeine)

                        Non-narcotic antitussives (Dextromethophan)

Bronchodilators

                        Beta2-adrenergic receptor agonists

Nonselective beta2-adrenergic receptor agonists (epinephrine, ephedrine)

                                   Beta2-selective agonists (Terbutaline, Clenbuterol)

                        Methylxanthines (Theophylline)

                        Anticholinergic drugs (Atropine)

            Respiratory stimulants (Doxapram)

Drugs acting on the digestive system

            Drugs affecting the mouth and pharynx

                        Salivary stimulants (sialagogues – gentian)

                        Salivary inhibitors (antisialagogues – atropine)

            Drugs affecting the oesophagus

                        To relax its tonus – spasmolytics (Acepromazine)

                        To increase the peristalsis

                        To close the oesophageal groove

            Drugs affecting the rumen, stomach and proventriculus

                        Carminatives and antispasmodics (turpentine oils, peppermint, atropine)

                        Emetics (apomorphine HCl, xylazine)

                        Antiemetics (chlorpromazine, acepromazine)

                        Antitympanics (sodium, calcium propionate)

            Drugs affecting the intestines

                        Purgatives and laxatives (liquid paraffin, magnesium sulphate)

                        Antidiarrhoeal drugs (activated charcoal, tanninum)

                        Spasmolytics (atropine, papaverine)