Global History Final
Black Death: A deadly plague that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351
Gutenberg: German printer who was the first in Europe to print using movable type and the first to use a press (1400-1468)
Humanism: Humanism is a philosophical stance that emphasizes the individual and social potential and agency of human beings. It considers human beings the starting point for serious moral and philosophical inquiry. It puts focus on reason more so than religion.
Huguenots- The Huguenots were a religious group of French Protestants who held to the Reformed, or Calvinist, tradition of Protestantism. The term, which may be derived from the name of a Swiss political leader, the Genevan burgomaster Bezanson Hugues, was in common use by the mid-16th century.
Crusades- A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule.
Feudalism- Feudalism, also known as the feudal system, was the combination of the legal, economic, military, cultural and political customs that flourished in medieval Europe between the 9th and 15th centuries.
Lord- In feudal Europe, a person who controlled land and could therefore grant estates to vassals
vassal- a holder of land by feudal tenure on conditions of homage and allegiance.
Cesare Borgia- A political leader, son of Pope Alexander VI, a member of the Spanish Borgia family, he had ambitions of uniting all of Italy under his control. His father tried to exploit his office for the benefit of his relatives.
Giotto- An artist who led the way into realism; his treatment of the human body and face replaced the formal stiffness and artificiality that had long characterized the representation of the human body
Indulgences- -In the teaching of the Catholic Church, an indulgence is "a way to reduce the amount of punishment one has to undergo for sins".
Lorenzo Valla- humanist figure who exposed the Donation of Constantine as a forgery
Machiavelli-Machiavelli was a 16th-century Florentine philosopher known primarily for his political ideas. His two most famous philosophical books, The Prince and the Discourses on Livy, were published after his death.
95 Theses -Luther's Ninety-five Theses focuses on three main issues: selling forgiveness (via indulgences) to build a cathedral, the pope's claimed power to distribute forgiveness, and the damage indulgences caused to grieving sinners
Peace of Westphalia- The Peace of Westphalia, concluded in 1648 in Münster (Germany), ended the Thirty Years' War, which started with an anti-Habsburg revolt in Bohemia in 1618 but became an entanglement of different conflicts concerning the constitution of the Holy Roman Empire, religion, and the state system of Europe
Petrarch- Petrarch is most famous for his Canzoniere, a collection of vernacular poems about a woman named Laura, whom the speaker loves throughout his life but cannot be with.
Saint Bartholomew's Day- Bartholomew's Day, the massacre of French Huguenots (Protestants) in Paris on August 24/25, 1572, plotted by Catherine de' Medici and carried out by Roman Catholic nobles and other citizens. It was one event in the series of civil wars between Roman Catholics and Huguenots that beset France in the late 16th century.
Virtù, an Italian word meaning "virtue" or "power", is derived from the Latin virtus (lit. "manliness"). It describes the qualities desirable for a man, as opposed to vizio
Cape Verde Islands- The colonization of the Cape Verde Islands, from the 1460s onward, provided bases for trade with the fringes of the Mali empire. The most momentous discovery in western Africa, however, came in 1471, when Portuguese captains first reached the coast of modern Ghana between the mouths of the Ankobra…
Columbian Exchange- The Columbian Exchange refers to the exchange of diseases, ideas, food. crops, and populations between the New World and the Old World following the voyage to the Americas by Christopher Columbus in 1492.'
Cortéz- Hernán-Cortés disobeyed Velasquez and set out for Mexico in 1519 to begin his invasion. In 1519, Hernán Cortés left Cuba with about 600 men, and set out for the Yucatan region of Mexico. He first arrived in Cozumel, and began to explore the land for colonization. He encountered natives, and their large pyramid.
Da Gama- Vasco da Gama was best known for being the first to sail from Europe to India by rounding Africa's Cape of Good Hope. Over the course of two voyages, beginning in 1497 and 1502, da Gama landed and traded in locales along the coast of southern Africa before reaching India on May 20, 1498.
Díaz- Bartolomeu Dias died on May 29, 1500 off the Cape of Good Hope. He is remembered as a pioneering explorer during the Age of Exploration who opened the sea route to Asia via the Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean.
Magellan -1480-1521) set out from Spain in 1519 with a fleet of five ships to discover a western sea route to the Spice Islands. En route he discovered what is now known as the Strait of Magellan and became the first European to cross the Pacific Ocean
Tenochtitlán- Tenochtitlan, also known as Mexico-Tenochtitlan, was a large Mexica altepetl in what is now the historic center of Mexico City. The exact date of the founding of the city is unclear. The date 13 March 1325 was chosen in 1925 to celebrate the 600th anniversary of
Treaty of Tordesillas- The Treaty of Tordesillas of 7 June 1494 involves agreements between King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile and King John II of Portugal establishing a new demarcation line between the two crowns, running from pole to pole, 370 leagues to the west of Cape Verde islands.
Bishop's War- The 1639 and 1640 Bishops' Wars were the first of the conflicts known collectively as the 1639 to 1653 Wars of the Three Kingdoms, which took place in Scotland, England and Ireland
Catherine the Great- Catherine II, most commonly known as Catherine the Great, was the reigning empress of Russia from 1762 to 1796. She came to power following the overthrow of her husband, Peter III
Charles I- Charles I was King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649. He was born into the House of Stuart as the second son of King James VI of Scotland, but after his father inherited the English throne in 1603, he moved to England, where he spent much of the rest of his life.
Age of Absolutism (contd.)- The Age of Absolutism was the period around the 17th and 18th centuries when Europe (kind of) was ruled by very powerful monarchs. Monarchs with absolute control. Thus, the Age of Absolutism. Absolute monarchs were rulers who held all the power in a country
Duc de Saint Simon- Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon, GE (16 January 1675 - 2 March 1755), was a French soldier, diplomat, and memoirist. He was born in Paris at the Hôtel Selvois, 6 rue Taranne (demolished in 1876 to make way for the Boulevard Saint-Germain)
Edict of Fontainebleau- The Edict of Fontainebleau is issued by Louis XIV in October 1685. The edict revokes the Edict of Nantes from 1598 and suspends the religious freedom of French protestants. Tens of thousands of protestants migrate to countries like England, the Dutch Republic and the American colonies.
Frederick II (the Great)- Frederick II was King in Prussia from 1740 until 1772, and King of Prussia from 1772 until his death in 1786.Fronde-The Fronde (the name for the "sling" of a children's game played in the streets of Paris in defiance of civil authorities) was in part an attempt to check the growing power of royal government; its failure prepared the way for the absolutism of Louis XIV's personal reign.
Intendants- were used to reform local/regional financial systems, judicial systems and policing the law. In this sense, they trod on the toes of the local nobility in most, if not all, areas of their life. A successful Intendant was suitably rewarded with promotion - this depended on pleasing the king.
imperialism- the state policy, practice, or advocacy of extending power and dominion, especially by direct territorial acquisition or by gaining political and economic control of other areas, often through employing hard power, but also soft power
Ivan VI (AKA "Special Unknown Prisoner #1")- an infant emperor of Russia who was overthrown by his cousin Elizabeth Petrovna in 1741. He was only two months old when he was proclaimed emperor and his mother named regent, but the throne was seized in the coup after a year.
Levée- traditionally a daily moment of intimacy and accessibility to a monarch or leader, as he got up in the morning
Louis XIV-Louis XIV- also known as Louis the Great or the Sun King, was King of France from 14 May 1643 until his death in 1715. His reign of 72 years and 110 days is the longest of any sovereign in history whose date is verifiable.
Personal Rule- The Personal Rule was the period from 1629 to 1640, when King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland ruled without recourse to Parliament. The King claimed that he was entitled to do this under the Royal Prerogative. Charles had already dissolved three Parliaments by the third year of his reign in 1628.
Peter the Great- Peter I, most commonly known as Peter the Great, was a Russian monarch who ruled the Tsardom of Russia from 7 May [O.S. 27 April] 1682 to 1721 and subsequently the Russian Empire until his death in 1725, jointly ruling with his elder half-brother, Ivan V
Sanssouci- a historical building in Potsdam, near Berlin. Built by Prussian King Frederick … As he aged, his modesty developed into miserliness.
Ship Money- a tax of medieval origin levied intermittently in the Kingdom of England until the middle of the 17th century. Assessed typically on the inhabitants of coastal areas of England, it was one of several taxes that English monarchs could levy by prerogative without the approval of Parliament.
Versailles- a former royal residence built by King Louis XIV located in Versailles, about 12 miles west of Paris, France. To promote his wealth anf thorow partys.
Bastille- a state prison on the east side of Paris, known as the Bastille, was attacked by an angry and aggressive mob. The prison had become a symbol of the monarchy's dictatorial rule, and the event became one of the defining moments in the Revolution that followed.
Borodino, Battle- The Battle of Borodino took place near the village of Borodino on 7 September [O.S. 26 August] 1812 during Napoleon's invasion of Russia. The Grande Armée won the battle against the Imperial Russian Army but failed to gain a decisive victory and suffered tremendous losses.
Bonaparte, Napoleon- later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military commander and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led successful campaigns during the Revolutionary Wars.
DeGouges, Olympe- Olympe de Gouges was a French playwright and political activist whose writings on women's rights and abolitionism reached a large audience in various countries. She began her career as a playwright in the early 1780s. As political tension rose in France, Olympe de Gouges became increasingly politically engaged
Dessalines, Jean-Jacques- was a leader of the Haitian Revolution and the first ruler of an independent Haiti under the 1805 constitution. Under Dessalines, Haiti became the first country in the Americas to permanently abolish slavery.
18th Brumaire, coup- brought General Napoleon Bonaparte to power as First Consul of France and in the view of most historians ended the French Revolution and which will lead to the Coronation of Napoleon as Emperor. This bloodless coup d'état overthrew the Directory, replacing it with the French Consulate
Estates General- In France under the Ancien Régime, the Estates General or States-General was a legislative and consultative assembly of the different classes of French subjects. It had a separate assembly for each of the three estates, which were called and dismissed by the king.
Guillotine- a machine for beheading by means of a heavy blade that slides down in vertical guides. : a shearing machine or instrument (such as a paper cutter) that in action resembles a guillotine. The paper was trimmed on a guillotine
Louis XVI- was the last King of France before the fall of the monarchy during the French Revolution. He was referred to as Citizen Louis Capet during the four months just before he was executed by guillotine.
Marie Antoinette- Marie Antoinette Josèphe Jeanne was the last queen of France before the French Revolution. She was born an archduchess of Austria, and was the penultimate child and youngest daughter of Empress Maria Theresa and Emperor Francis I.
Necker, Jacques- was a Genevan banker and statesman who served as finance minister for Louis XVI. He was a reformer, but his innovations sometimes caused great discontent.
Robespierre- Maximilien-Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre was a French lawyer and statesman who became one of the best-known, influential and controversial figures of the French Revolution
The Raine of Terror- the Historians are divided about the onset and causes of the Terror, however, the revolutionary war, fears of foreign invasion, rumours about counter-revolutionary activity, assassination plots and zealots in the government were all contributing factors.
Toussaint L'Ouverture- François-Dominique Toussaint Louverture was a Haitian general and the most prominent leader of the Haitian Revolution. During his life, Louverture first fought against the French, then for them, and then finally against France again for the cause of Haitian independence.