Proteins
What are proteins ?
Macromolecules are used in building and repairing muscles. They are made up up of amino acids.
What are indispensable and dispensable amino acids?
Isdispensable Amino acids are those that the body cannot produce. Dispensable are known to be made by the body through the liver. 9 are indispenable and 11 are dispensable. 6 of the 11 are partially dispensable. Those 6 cannot produces sufficient amounts due to fatigue from exercise, illness, and injury.
What is the difference between complete and incomplete proteins?
Incomplete proteins dont contain all the amino acids that the body can manafacture in the right amounts . They are missing at least 1 or 2 of those. Plant proteins are an example.
Complete proteins contain all the amino acids manafactured by the body in the right proportions. The amino acids are essential for muscle growth and sufficient amount of amino acids. Animal proteins are a great example.
Complentary proteins?
Pairing of two incomplete proteins in providing the right amount of amino acids . They become like complete proteins.
Protein sources?
Eggs whites, Milk, Meat, Whey
How does protein folding work?
Proteins are made out of peptide bonds known as polypeptides, which consist of 4 or more amino acids. They are made in the cytoplasm through ribosomes. Its primary structure and function are determined through DNA and RNA. Its secondary structure involves the close bond of amino acids that affect the protein’s shape. Proteins can be straight , coiled, or folded based on the number and bonds along with the quality. The tertiary structure is then determined the bond of the amino acids in far proximity. The quaternary structure involves bonds between two or more proteins.
Insulin:protein hormone that regulates blood sugar levels and is made from amino acids rather than cholesterol, requiring injection instead of oral ingestion for efficacy.
Isoleucine and leucine are branched-chain amino acids that can be used as an energy source during prolonged endurance exercise when muscle glycogen stores are low.
Conditionally Essential Amino Acids: Amino acids that become essential during periods of physiological stress or inability to produce in sufficient amounts.
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a genetic disorder where individuals cannot properly metabolize phenylalanine, leading to toxic levels accumulating in the body.
Glutamine:An amino acid vital for immune system function, abundant in skeletal muscle, and important for stimulating immune cells and providing energy to them.
Ex: Hemoglobin and Glucose
Protein quality is determined by the amount and types of amino acids present, as well as their bioavailability for absorption and utilization in the body.
Enzymes
Catalyst that speeds up reactions
Hormones
regulate metabolic processes
Signaling Proteins
Bind to cells and in turn influence their cellular processes. Amino acids do simulate some of them for muscle protein synthesis.
Structural proteins
Skin hair nails and connective tissues
Transport Proteins
serves the function of moving other materials within an organism. Transport proteins are vital to the growth and life of all living things. There
Immune proteins
protect body from infections
Acid Base Regulaor
Balance ph and acids as well as bases of different liquids. This especilly includes plasma and blood. They also keep fluid levels stable.
Proteins are known to be a major energy source. in the short run, they help when is facing minor stress. in the long run , they are detrimental to ones health by helping those facing starvation and acute stress.
How does protein digestion work?
What is the purpose of Protein metabolism?
How does protein absorption work?
What is the purpose of the Amino Acid Pool?
What is the function of the liver?
It is in charge of disassembling and forming molecules as well as proteins. It also forms dispensable amino acids by transferring an an amine group from one amino acid to another carbon skeleton. It also removes an amine group to from a carbon skeleton for energy.
Anabolic
Catabolic