Vocab History

Russia

realist diplomatic strategy:Chiến lược ngoại giao dựa trên sự cân nhắc thực tế và lợi ích quốc gia, thay vì lý tưởng hay đạo đức.

Great Patriotic War:Tên gọi của cuộc Chiến tranh Thế giới II ở Liên Xô, đặc biệt là cho chiến dịch chống lại phát xít Đức từ năm 1941 đến 1945.

demote:cách chức

Central Committee:Ban Chấp hành Trung ương

Politburo:Bộ chính trị

dispense:giải tán

institutional restrictions:hạn chế về thể chế

Leningrad Affair:The political scandal in the Soviet Union involving the purge of officials in Leningrad during the 1940s, which led to widespread repercussions.

Doctor’s Plot:là một chiến dịch đàn áp chính trị và thanh trừng sắc tộc diễn ra tại Liên Xô dưới thời Joseph Stalin vào đầu năm 1953

Lend-Lease program:A policy that allowed the US to supply Allied nations with military equipment and goods during World War II.

policy of appeasement:chính sách nhượng bộ

alliance:liên minh

industrial evacuation:sơ tán công nghiệp

Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact:là một hiệp ước không xâm lược được ký giữa Liên Xô và Đức Quốc xã vào năm 1939.

The USSR's Maintenance period:refers to the time after World War II when the Soviet Union focused on rebuilding and maintaining its influence over Eastern Europe.

Operation Barbarossa:The code name for Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II, launched in June 1941.

Soviet Communist Party Commissars:Ủy viên Đảng Cộng sản Liên Xô

commissar:A political officer within the Soviet Communist Party responsible for promoting party ideology and ensuring loyalty among military and political ranks.

Kolkhozes:Collective farms in the Soviet Union where peasants worked together and shared resources.

expropriate:To take private property for public use, usually with compensation.

sabotage:The deliberate destruction or damage of property or resources, often to hinder an enemy or competitor.

Meyerhold:A Russian theater director and actor known for developing the avant-garde and the concept of "biomechanics" in performance.

emencipation:Geoffrey Hosking - the fruit of female…

neopartriarchal:Geoffrey Hosking - became building blocks of Stalinist … social system

Konsomol:A youth organization in the Soviet Union aimed at promoting communist ideology and engaging young people in party activities.

Grew from 2 million members in 1927 to 10 million in 1940

Chance of full membership in CPSU

Most enthusiastic supporters of Five-Year Plan

May Day:A celebration of labor and workers' rights observed on May 1st, with roots in the labor movement and socialist activism.

cult of personality:sùng bái cá nhân

Roy Medvedev: “Everywhere he put up monuments to himself – thousands upon thousands of factories and firms named [after] Stalin, and many cities: Stalinsk, Stalino, Stalingrad ... more than can be counted.”

Gosplan:The State Planning Committee of the Soviet Union responsible for economic planning and allocating resources in line with the central government’s directives.

Vozhd:Communist tsar or leader, often associated with Joseph Stalin, who held absolute power within the party and state.

The Stalin Enrolment:A significant effort in the late 1920s to rapidly increase membership in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, particularly among workers and peasants, to consolidate Stalin's power.

Decree Against Terrorist Acts:Stalin was quick to exploit the situation. Within two hours of learning of Kirov’s murder (1/12/1934) he had signed it. On the pretext of hunting down the killers, a fresh purge of the Party was begun, led by Genrikh Yagoda, head of the NKVD. Three thousand suspected conspirators were rounded up and then imprisoned or executed and tens of thousands of other people were deported from Leningrad.

The Great Terror:A campaign of political repression in the Soviet Union from 1936 to 1938, characterized by widespread purges, mass arrests, and executions targeting perceived enemies of the state.

siege mentality:A psychological state where individuals or groups feel under constant threat, leading to defensive attitudes and behaviors. This mentality often arises in response to perceived external dangers or persecution.

Socialism in One Country:A communist policy introduced by Stalin that emphasized the need for the Soviet Union to build socialism independently, rather than relying on global revolution.

show trials:Phiên toà dàn dựng

a judicial proceeding where the verdict has been decided in advance, designed as a public spectacle to serve political purposes, intimidate opponents, or propagate state ideology rather than deliver justice. These trials often feature coerced confessions and are used to display the power of the ruling regime against alleged enemies.

nomenklatura:A system of privileged positions in the Soviet Union, where the Communist Party appointed individuals to key government, military, and economic roles.

Kirov:A prominent Bolshevik leader and the head of the Leningrad Party who was assassinated in 1934, leading to a series of purges under Stalin.

Tukhachevsky:A Soviet military leader and tactician who played a key role in the Red Army during the Russian Civil War, later executed during Stalin's Great Purge in 1937.

Party card:A membership card in the Communist Party, granting access to privileges and participation in party activities.

Presidium of the Central Committee:Đoàn chủ tịch Ủy ban Trung ương

25 members, Politburo renamed. Several new, relatively young party bosses become members of it.

Party Apparatus:The organization and structure of political parties, especially within a communist context, responsible for implementing party policies and maintaining control over various levels of government and society.

Anti-cosmopolitan campaign:A political campaign in the Soviet Union during the late 1940s and early 1950s aimed at purging foreign influences, particularly in the fields of culture and academia, often targeting Jews and intellectuals.

Khrushchev:initially considered an 'underdog', eventually secure power after Stalin's death

reparation:payments made by a country to compensate for war damages or injustices.

Butovo:was a site of mass executions and a key location for the NKVD during Stalin's Great Purge, where thousands were killed.

Russo-Japanese war:A conflict fought between the Russian Empire and Japan from 1904 to 1905 over imperial ambitions in Manchuria and Korea, resulting in a decisive Japanese victory.

The Comintern:an international communist organization founded in 1919 to promote worldwide communism and coordinate socialist parties. However, far from being vanguard of international communism, it became a branch of Soviet Ministry of Foreign affairs.

Treaty of Rapallo:an agreement signed in 1922 between Germany and the Soviet Union, establishing diplomatic and economic relations, including military cooperation.

Great Fatherland war:The term used in Russia to refer to the Eastern Front of World War II, especially the conflict between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany from 1941 to 1945.

legacy:The long-lasting impact or influence of historical events, actions, or figures on later developments in society or politics.

Kerensky:a key figure in the Russian Revolution of 1917, who served as the Minister of War and later as the head of the Provisional Government, advocating for democratic reforms. He played a crucial role during the July Days and was ultimately overthrown by the Bolsheviks later that year.

Kornilov:A Russian general during World War I and a key leader in the Russian Civil War. He is known for his attempted coup against the Provisional Government in 1917, which further destabilized the political situation in Russia.

bureaucratiztion:the process of making an organization or system more bureaucratic

Trotsky campaigned calling for Party democracy to fight this growth

He used this authority to place his own supporters in key positions. Since they then owed their place to him, Stalin could count on their support in the voting in the various committees which made up the organization of the Party and the government.

patronage:the support, encouragement, or financial aid that an organization or individual provides to another, often in return for political loyalty or influence.

debt peonage: nô lệ vì nợ nần
sharecropping: tá điền

China

  • Jiangxi: Giang Tây, nơi đầu tiên của Đảng Cộng sản Trung Quốc phát động cách mạng.

  • Ruthlessness: sự tàn bạo

  • Chiang Kaishek: Tưởng Giới Thạch, nhà lãnh đạo Quốc Dân Đảng, người đã chống lại Đảng Cộng sản Trung Quốc trong nhiều cuộc nội chiến.

  • guerilla: du kích

  • The Long March: Vạn lý Trường Chinh

  • unequal treaties: hiệp ước bất bình đẳng, các hiệp ước mà Trung Quốc bị buộc phải ký với các cường quốc phương Tây sau thất bại trong các cuộc chiến tranh, dẫn đến việc nhượng bộ lãnh thổ và quyền lợi.

  • concession: nhượng bộ

  • extraterritoriality: quyền miễn trừ ngoại giao, một chế độ pháp lý cho phép công dân nước ngoài không phải chịu sự quản lý của luật pháp nước sở tại.

  • Opium war: (chiến tranh thuốc phiện)

  • Taiping Rebellion: Thái Bình Thiên Quốc

  • Boxer rebellion: khởi nghĩa Hộ Nông

  • Revisionism: (cải cách tư tưởng) - A political term referring to the reinterpretation or adaptation of Marxist theory in the context of changing circumstances.

  • pivotal turning point: bước ngoặt quan trọng

  • bureaucratically centralized: (bộ máy quan liêu tập trung) là hệ thống tổ chức nơi mọi quyền lực ra quyết định và quy trình quản lý được tập trung hoàn toàn vào một cấp chính quyền hoặc lãnh đạo cao nhất. Mọi quyết định đều phải đi qua các cấp hành chính theo quy củ.

  • state oriented: (hướng về nhà nước) - A perspective emphasizing the role and authority of the state in the policies, governance, and overall functioning of society.

  • ideological hegemony: (thống trị tư tưởng) - The dominance of one set of beliefs and values over others, often established through social institutions and cultural practices.

  • ideological driven

  • capitalist roaders: người theo tư bản

  • denounce: tố cáo

  • assert the ideological purity: khẳng định sự thuần khiết về tư tưởng

  • top-down terror: khủng bố từ trên xuống]

  • state apparatus: bộ máy nhà nước

  • motarlity rate: tỉ lệ tử vong

  • mass moblisation: huy động quần chúng

  • ideological transformation: sự chuyển đổi về mặt tư tưởng

  • prophet: người tiên tri, một cá nhân được cho là có khả năng truyền đạt thông điệp từ thần thánh.

  • national turmoil: rối loạn quốc gia

  • political unrest: sự bất ổn chính trị, tình trạng xáo trộn trong xã hội do các vấn đề chính trị.

  • reactionary: phản động

  • class traitor: kẻ phản bội giai cấp, thường được dùng để chỉ một người trong giai cấp thấp hơn nhưng lại ủng hộ chính sách của giai cấp thống trị.

  • rightist: phái hữu, người có quan điểm hoặc chính sách nghiêng về những giá trị truyền thống và thường ủng hộ quyền lực của giai cấp tư sản.

  • revisionist: người có quan điểm phân tích lại, thường xuyên bác bỏ hoặc điều chỉnh các sự kiện lịch sử hoặc lý thuyết để phù hợp với quan điểm hiện tại.

  • radical: người theo chủ nghĩa cấp tiến, thường tìm kiếm sự thay đổi triệt để trong hệ thống chính trị hoặc xã hội.

  • radical change: rapid, fundamental, and transformative shifts that overhaul existing systems, cultures, or processes rather than modifying them incrementally

  • ruthless mean: (tàn nhẫn) the quality of being harsh or merciless in behavior or action, often disregarding the feelings or consequences for others.

  • disruptive: (phá vỡ) actions or events that cause significant disruption or upheaval, challenging the status quo and often leading to substantial changes in established practices and norms.

  • social upheaval: (biến động xã hội)

  • reshaping culture: định hình văn hoá

  • social surveillance: (giám sát xã hội) the monitoring of individuals and communities to gather information about their behavior and interactions, often utilized for purposes of control, regulation, or influence in societal norms.