Culture, Folk/Pop/Globalization, Language, Colonization, Religion

Local/Indigenous/Folk Culture: Traditional culture practiced by homogeneous people.
Global/Popular Culture: Popular culture practiced by large, diverse groups.
Globalization: The process of people worldwide becoming more interconnected, which tends to limit folk culture as it spreads.
Stimulus Diffusion: When an idea spreads and adapts to its new cultural context in its final location.
Relativism: Liking one's own culture but wanting to learn about other cultures.
Ethnocentrism: Liking one's own culture and not wanting to learn about other cultures.
Assimilation: Two cultural groups blend together to the point where they are indistinguishable; can be forced or voluntary.
Acculturation: Adopting aspects of a new culture while retaining aspects of one's original culture.

Diffusion: The spread of something.
Hearth: The area where something begins.
Culture Hearth: A place where culture originates.
- Examples include the Nile River Valley in Egypt, the Indus River Valley in India, the Yellow River Valley in North China, Meso-America in Mexico, and Mesopotamia in Iraq.
Relocation Diffusion: People move, bringing their language, culture, clothes, etc., with them.
Expansion Diffusion: An idea spreads outward.
- Examples include companies selling items in one country when they started somewhere else.
Types of Expansion Diffusion:
- Contagious: Spreads to mostly all near people (e.g., diseases, spread of Islam).
- Hierarchical: Idea spreads from people of authority or popularity to other people or places (e.g., clothing, trends, pop culture).
- Stimulus: As it diffuses, it changes and adapts to the culture it's in (e.g., McDonald's adapting its menu to local tastes).
Barriers to Diffusion: The farther an idea is from the source, the less likely it is to be adopted (e.g., religious beliefs, language, politics).

Supranational Organization: Three or more countries come together and form an alliance.
World Trade Organization (WTO): An organization that arbitrates trade deals between countries.
Tariff: Import tax.

How Languages Diffuse: Human interaction, printing press, migration, trade, colonialism.
Lingua Franca: A trade language used for trade and commerce (English is most popular, along with French, Arabic, and Swahili).
Pidgin Language: A simplified language that develops as a means of communication between two or more groups that do not have a language in common.
Creole Language: Two languages combine into a new language (e.g., Haitian Creole).
Isogloss: Different parts of the country use different words for a specific thing.
Language Families: Collection of languages (e.g., Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan).
Language Branches: Collection of languages within a family.
Language Groups: Languages (e.g., English, Spanish, French, Chinese).
In Belgium, Flemish and Walloons don't get along due to language differences.

Through colonization, the British spread the English language.
The French colonized Quebec and West Africa.
The Spanish conquered Latin America and the Philippines.
The Portuguese colonized Brazil.
Language Families in Africa:
- North Africa: Afro-Asiatic
- Sub-Saharan Africa: Niger-Congo
- South Africa: Indo-European
- Madagascar: Austronesian
Asian Language: Sino-Tibetan.
Austronesian is spoken in Oceania.
Toponym: A place name.
Revived Languages: Languages that have experienced near extinction and are being brought back into use (e.g., Gaelic, Welsh, and Hebrew).
Extinct Language: A language that is not spoken by anyone in the world.

Monolingual State: A country where only one language is spoken (e.g., Japan).
Multilingual State: A country where more than one language is used (e.g., India).
Spain: Language issues are divisive.
- The Basque region is very isolated and trying to break away from Spain because of the language difference.
- The Catalonia region speaks a different language and is trying to get away from Spain, but Spain will never let them because of money.
Centripetal Forces: Usually found in monolingual countries; unifying.
Switzerland is peaceful and multilingual and has four official languages.
Centrifugal Forces: Pull a part
Multilingual countries with problems: Belgium, Spain (Catalonia and Basque).

Monotheistic: Belief in one god.
Polytheistic: Believe in many gods.
Universalizing Religion: Actively seeks to convert people and is widely distributed around the world.
Ethnic Religion: Does not actively seek to convert people and is not widely spread.

Five Pillars:
- Prayer: Five times a day in the direction of Mecca.
  - Mosque: House of worship.
- Fasting: Ramadan.
Two Branches:
- Shia: Minority (majority only in Iran).
- Sunni: Majority.

Gold, God, and Glory: Explores trying to convert people to Christianity.
Martin Luther: Catholic who lived in Germany and wrote about why churches are corrupt.
- Formed Protestants, which is a protest group.
Protestant: Church of England (Henry the 8th).
- King or Queen in charge of Church of England.
Catholic churches are huge and beautiful.
Protestant churches are smaller and simpler.
Orthodox churches have onion-shaped domes.
Mormon church.
Architecture: Archways, symmetrical designs, mosaic tile work, calligraphy.

Reincarnation: Rebirth of the soul, or when the soul enters the body of another person (person comes back alive after death).
Respect for all living things (vegetarians).
Karma.
Caste System: Rigid social structure in Hindu society.
- Untouchables: Lowest in the caste system.