WEEK2PPT-ELECED2-English-for-Specific-Purposes

Title: CHRISTIAN PROVED UNTO GOO THE BETTERCHOICE ENGLISH FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES ELEC(ED) 2

Definition of Language:
- Language refers to the expression and communication of ideas and emotions within a group or nation at a specific time.
- Words are the means of communication used to convey these ideas and emotions.
- Skill in expressing ideas and emotions verbally is termed 'speech'.

Parts of Speech (Syntax):
- A language has eight parts of speech:
  1. Noun
  2. Pronoun
  3. Adjective
  4. Verb
  5. Adverb
  6. Conjunction
  7. Preposition
  8. Interjection

Definition of Noun:
- A noun names a person, place, thing, creature, event, idea, or concept referable to any substantive in regards to time, quality, condition, or action.

Identifying Persons:
- Examples of nouns identifying persons:
  - Juan dela Cruz, Jejomar, Benigno, Gloria, Ferdinand, Diosdado, father, mother, son, brother, teacher.

Identifying Places:
- Examples of nouns identifying places:
  - Philippines, Luzon, Nueva Ecija, Cabanatuan, barangay, town, province, city, country, park.

Identifying Things:
- Examples of nouns identifying things with physical existence:
  - House, chair, table, food, books, vegetables, trees.

Identifying Creatures:
- Examples of nouns for creatures capable of voluntary motion:
  - Carabao, birds, fish, reptiles, lizards.

Identifying Events:
- Examples of nouns for events or incidents:
  - New Year, Holy Week, birthday, anniversary, Christmas, party, election.

Identifying Time and Distance:
- Examples of nouns indicating time and distance:
  - Minute, hour, day, week, month, year, generation, century, millennium, inch.

Classification of Nouns:
- Nouns are broadly divided into two classes:
  1. Proper Nouns
  2. Common Nouns

Proper Nouns:
- Distinct names of persons, places, things, or events that should always be capitalized.
  - Examples:
    - Persons: Juan dela Cruz, Pedro del Rosario, Maria
    - Places: Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
    - Institutions/Things: Manuel V. Gallego Colleges, Centro Escolar University
    - Events: Sunday, January, Christmas, New Year.

Common Nouns:
- General names for any member of a class. Not capitalized unless starting a sentence.
  - Examples: man, woman, country, province, town, city, children.

Special Classes of Nouns:
1. Concrete Nouns:
  - Have physical existence, perceptible by touch.
  - Examples: chair, house, stone, soil, car, hammer.
2. Abstract Nouns:
  - Concepts or ideas with no physical existence.
  - Examples: goodness, morality, democracy.
3. Collective Nouns:
  - Names for a collection or group as one.
  - Examples: class, audience, organization, flock.
4. Compound Nouns:
  - Formed from two or more nouns functioning as a unit.
  - Examples: brainchild, logbook, skyline.

Mass Nouns:
- Names for things or ideas that cannot be counted individually.
- Cannot use "a," "an," or be pluralized.
- Uses quantifying words for measurement.
- Examples: air, blood, courage, dew, coffee, dirt, heat, milk, thunder, kindness.

Examples of Mass Nouns:
- Singular Form:
  - a puff of air
  - a piece of advice
  - a piece of baggage
  - a bit of information
  - a piece of jewelry
  - a particle of dirt
  - a particle of dust
  - a bag of sand.
- Plural Form:
  - puffs of air
  - pieces of advice
  - pieces of baggage
  - bits of information
  - pieces of jewelry
  - particles of dirt
  - particles of dust
  - bags or boxes of sand.

Properties of Nouns:
1. Number:
  - Indicates singular or plural (one vs. more than one).
  - Singular examples: girl, book, lady, student, banana, tax.
  - Plural examples: girls, books, ladies, students, bananas, taxes, leaves, lives, branches, boxes.

Gender:
- Determines the sex of the noun (masculine, feminine, common, neuter).
- Masculine: man, boy, Jaime, Mario, brother, hero, king, duke, nephew.
- Feminine: woman, girl, Maria, sister, heroine, queen, duchess, niece.
- Common: horse, sheep, parent, child, pig, deer.
- Neuter: house, water, stone, book, politics, barangay, province, food.

Case:
- Reflects the noun's relation to others in the sentence.
- Three cases:
  1. Nominative case: Subject or predicate noun.
  - Examples: The lady walks gracefully. My mother is a teacher.

Objective case: Object of a transitive verb or preposition.
- Examples: Mario plays the guitar. My father went to the field.
1. Possessive case: Indicates ownership, formed with apostrophe + s.
- Examples: Pedro's bag was lost. This is my teacher's pen.

Essential Uses of Nouns:
1. Subject of a verb:
  - Examples: Father works on the farm. The lady walks gracefully. Miss Cruz goes to school early.
2. Predicate noun: Identifies the subject of a linking verb.
  - Examples: Mario is a teacher. My friend is an architect. Rosario was a valedictorian.

Direct object of a verb: Receives action from the verb.
- Examples: The boy found a book. She likes watermelon. Yesterday, we planted rice.
Indirect object of a verb: Receives secondary action from the verb.
- Examples: The secretary gave her boss a gift. I bought my granddaughter a new dress. The president gave Teresita a letter.

Object of a preposition: Serves as the object of a preposition.
- Examples: Three students are absent from our class. The children play under the tree. We stayed in the field.
Appositive: Noun renaming or identifying another noun.
- Examples: Jose Rizal, the hero, was born in Calamba. My friend, an architect, likes to see you. We went to Baguio, the summer capital of the Philippines.

Objective complement: Noun following the direct object to complete verb meaning.
- Examples: We made Ferdinand the president. We elected Obel the secretary. The President appointed Miriam an ambassadress. (Objective complements are not set off by commas.)
Direct Address: Noun used in addressing or calling attention.
- Examples: Paolo, wake up. The conference room, Mr. President, is now ready for the meeting. The patient needs your immediate attention, doctor. (Direct addresses must be set off by commas.)