6.8

Identification/Key Terms:

The Movement for Social Settlement . . . 596

• urban reformers focused on social settlements - community welfare centers that investigated struggles of urban poor, raise funds for urgent needs, & helped advocate for residents

  • women played a large role, gave educated women prof careers

  • most famous: Hull House on chicago’s W side

    • founded 1889 by Jane Addams & Ellen Gates Starr

    • offered bath house, daycare, kindergarden, & playgrounds

• Margeret Sanger - nurse, “Everything a girl should know”, advocated for birth cntrl

Cities and National Politics . . . 599

• Upton Sinclair - The Jungle - showed labor exploitation in meatpacking industries

  • bad working conditions → rotten meat

    • Pure Food and Drug Act 1906 - protected consumers

      • created fed Food & Drug Administration

• Josephine Shaw Lowell - founded NY consumber league 1890

  • improved waged & working conditions for female store clerks

    • encourages consumers to shop @ ethic industries

  • 1889, became National Consumer’s Leaugue - Florence Kelly @ head, helped NCL become one of the most pwrful progressive organs for worker protection laws

• Women’s Trade Union League - founded in NY 1903

  • financed by wealthy women, trained working-class leaders

• The Triangle Fire 1911 - fire broke out @ the Triangle Shirtwaist Company

  • bc employers locked emergency doors to prevent theft → dozens of young immigrant women passed away (146, avg age 19)

    • Robert F. Wagner & Alfred E. Smith(tammamy hall polits) → chairmen of factory comission that passed reform laws for fire hazards, working hrs for women & proohibing child labor, & unsafe machines

  Lochner v. New York - lochner wanted long workdays/weeks

  • court sided w/ lochner, workers shld be able to make own contracts

Muller v. Oregon

• Muller wanted long factory work days/weeks

  • court didnt take his side - women cant work tm, need to make babies

Electoral Politics After Reconstruction . . . 606

• comp betw republicas & demos were caused by northern disillusionment w/ repub policies

  • ex: high tariffs

  • introduction of new states to HR → polit instability

• party disparities → highest voter turnout in prez elections from 1876 - 1892

  • repubs participated in vote buying & fraud

• period described as Gilded Age - polits corrupt & stagnant, & elections centered on futile things

  • MArk Twain - outer glitterly coating w/ rhetoric, but moral decay underneath

• New Initiatives… 608

  • 1881 James Garfield was assasinated by Charles Guiteau after being elected

    • reformers blamed spoils syst, saying Charles assasinated garfield out of dissapointment

  • Pendleton Act 1883 - est nonpartisan Civil Service Comission to fill fed jobs by examination

    • in application for gov jobs, civil service laws tilted towards mid class applicants who performed well on tests

      • put talented profs in office &discouraged polits from appointing the underqualified & brough stability

• Republican Activism… 612

  • 1888 repubs took cntrl ovr congress & white house → Sherman Antitrust Act 1890 - prohibiting any contract, combination, or conspiracy that restricts interstate commerce, aiming reduce monopolies in market

  • Lodge Bill - a bill proposing that whenever 100 citizens in any district appealed for intervention, a bipartisan federal board could investigate and seat the rightful winner

    • henry cabot lodge aimed to combat suppression of black votes & ensure fairness

    • bill killed bc tm fed oversight on voting by S demos

The Populist Program . . . 613

• Populists - Kansas Alliances joined w/ knights of labor in 1890 to form people’s party → nominated James B. Weaver for prez

  • driven by farmers votes, won seats in congress & housed

  • wanted stronger gov to protect ordinary americans → Omaha Platform called for pub ownership of railroad & telegraph systs, land protection from monopoly & foreign ownership, & fed income tax on rich