Readings in Philippine History

LESSON 1 (HISTORY)

History

  • refers to the study and interpretation by a historian on the data and other source of the past human activity, people, societies and civilizations leading to the present day.

  • study of historical perspective.

  • First - based on past events

  • Second - interpreted by someone usually by historian.

Historia

  • Greek word which means inquiry

Historian

  • is an expert or student of history, especially that of a particular period, geographical region or social phenomenon.

  • responsible for reconstructing the past.

  • influenced by his own environment, ideology, education and influence.

Historiography

  • is the study of how history was written, by whom and why it was recorded as such.

(HISTORICAL SOURCES)

Historical sources

  • are tangible remains of the past.

  • an object from the past or testimony concerning the past on which historians depend in order to create their own depiction of the past.

3 KINDS OF SOURCES

Primary sources

  • a testimony of an individual who was a participant in or a direct witness to the event that is being described.

  • a document or physical object which was written or created during the time under a study.

5 CATEGORIES OF PRIMARY SOURCE

Written sources

  • They are written or printed materials that have been produced in one form or another sometime in the past. They may be published materials such as travelogue, transcription of speech, autobiographies, journals or newspapers (La Solidaridad).

Numerical Records

  • include any type of numerical data in printed or handwritten form.

Oral statements

  • include any form of statement made orally by an eyewitness.

  • It maybe through video recordings, audio recordings, or transcribed.

Relics

  • any objects whose physical or visual characteristics can provide some information about the past.

  • include artifacts, ruins and fossils.

Images

  • includes photograph, posters, paintings, drawing cartoons and maps.


Secondary Source

  • interprets and analyzes primary sources.

  • prepared by an individual who was not direct witness to an event, but not who obtained his or her description of the event from someone else.


Tertiary Source

  • It provides third hand information by reporting ideas and details from secondary source.

  • An eyewitness is more reliable than testimony 



LESSON 2 (HISTORICAL CRITICISMS)

Historical criticism

  • also known as the historical-critical method

  • is a branch of criticism that investigates the origin of text or source in order to understand the word behind the text.

  • seeks greater understanding of the texts by analyzing the historical and social contexts in which they developed.

External Criticism

  • this type of criticism looks for the obvious sign of forgery or misrepresentation

  • PHYSICAL APPEARANCE OF THE PRIMARY SOURCE



Test of authenticity

  • test a source is to determine the date of document to see whether it is anachronistic.


Anachronism

  • means out of time or order

Semantics

  • is the linguistic study of meaning

Hermeneutics

  • is theory and methodology of interpretation.


Internal Criticism

  • This type of criticism looks for deeper or more intense study of sources.

  • refers to the accuracy of the content of a document.

  • CONTENT OF THE PRIMARY SOURCE

Test of Credibility

  • It determines if the witness is reliable or if he is consistent by comparing his other works.

  • to determine the approximate date.

  • its ability to tell the truth.

  • willingness to tell the truth.

  • to look for corroboration.


Main Topic II: Content and Contextual Analysis of Selected Primary Sources


Background of the Author/Creator

  • must provide brief biographical sketch of the author or creator of the primary source

  • Family background, educational attainment, religion and many others shall be given priority in presenting the biography of the author.

Background of the Document/Primary Source

  • Basic background of the source like the type of primary source, how many parts or chapter, how long is the document shall be given attention. Next is to locate where the primary source can be found.


Content Analysis of the Important Historical Information Found in the Document

  • First look for corroboration between the research you gather from the internet and the primary source that your instructor has given to you.

  • They may not use exact the same word or they can express the same information in different ways and we can still use as corroboration.

Contribution and Relevance of the Document in Understanding the Grand Narrative of Philippine History

  • this activity looks for the cause and consequences of the primary sources

  • A cause is a person or thing that makes something happens while a consequences is a direct result of the cause.

Relevance of the documents to the present time.

  • Look for the historical significance or what modern people consider to be important from the past.

  • We have to follow the acronym NAME:

N- Novelty

A- Applicability

M- Memory

E- Effect

TWO NOTABLE WORKS OF JUAN LUNA

  1. The Parisian Life

    • Inside the Cafe

    • Jose Rizal, Ariston Bautista, Juan Luna

  2. Spoliarium

Paz Pardo de Tavera

  • Luna’s wife

Mara Pardo de Tavera

  • Apo sa tuhod ni trinidad pardo de tavera

Juliana Gorricho pardo de tavera

  • Nanay ni paz

Villa Dupont # 28

  • Kalye kung saan ang bahay ni luna

William Shakespear

  • “There is a history in all men's lives.”

Zeus Salazar

  • Siya ang nagsabi na "Ang kasaysayan ay salaysay na may sagway na sumasalamin sa bawat Pilipino."

Past

  • Is an or are events that happened, known or unknown, and it cannot be changed.

History

  • is an intellectual discipline, a journey, and always changing through time.