Industrial Revolution

AP European History

Chap. 20 Study Guide

Chapter 20: The Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on European Society, 1750-1850

1. The Agricultural Revolution

1. Methods: Farming before the Agricultural Revolution:

• subsistence farming, low output, open field system(fallow land), common lands

2. Farming after the Agricultural Revolution:

• enclosed fields(no fallow), crop rotation, heavy manuring, specialized/commercialized, market oriented, surplus in food, less labor in agriculture 

3. Describe the Enclosure Movement.

• English parliament gets rid of common lands, which drives peasants off of land

4. What were the immediate effects of the Enclosure Acts? 

• drive peasants off the lands

• Long term effects of the Enclosure Acts?

• small farmers cannot compete with larger farmers 

• market oriented

• rural proletariats(wage workers) 

• increased profits 

• increased food and population 

5. Significance of the Agricultural Revolution?

• surplus in food allowed for industries to grow 

• started the industrial revolution in cottage industries(textiles) 

2. The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain

6. Origins of the Industrial Revolution in Britain: Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in England?

   • Supply of Capital:

• financial assets 

• cottage industries increased capital 

• Bank of England provided lower interest rates increasing investment and productivity

• Entrepreneurs:

• willing to organize and manager business and build factories

• ex. agricultural or cottage industries

• Natural Resources:

• close proximity to the sea

• navigable rivers

• canals and road building

• large reserves of coal and iron ore 

• Role of the Government:

• glorious revolution

• stability allowed for economic investment 

• pro-business state

• free enterprise- capitalism 

• Markets:

• vast colonial empires, can get resources from them

• greatest navy in the world

• demand in colonies

• inexpensive clothes as a result of cheap textiles(first industry)

• London:

• largest city in Europe

• center of fashion and taste 

• advertisements- newspaper and coffee houses

• high demand for consumer goods  

7. Describe the cottage industry.

• started with textile industries in the home 

• putting out system 

• In the 1760s, what was Monday popularly known as? Why?

• saint/holy monday: party and drink hard on weekend so too hungover to go to work 

• entrepreneurs called monday holy monday or saint monday 

• holiday because cottage workers not working

8. Technological Changes

   • The Cotton Industry

     1. John/James Kay: Flying Shuttle – Significance:

• speed up process of weakening on loom

• male job 

2. James Hargreaves:

• made the spinning jenny 

• produced yarn ing greater quantities

• more spools of thread

• women spin 

3. Richard Arkwright

• made the water frame

• powered by water for source of power

• located near rivers, first factories 

• increased urbanization and formation of factories

• 24/7 working time 

• The Steam Engine:

  1. Where were the earliest steam engines used?

• initially used to pump water from mines 

• turned into a oratory system to drive machinery 

• cotton mills used steam engines to increase textile production  

2. What was the significance of the steam engine?

• did not need to be located by rivers

• moved more jobs into the city 

• heavy cotton yields- increased employment, worldwide trade, and clothes

• tireless source of power- increased need for coal 

• The Iron Industry:

• new methods of smelting iron used coke to get cast iron

• coke: heats iron ore at a fast rate for higher yields 

• pudding: coke burns impurities in pig metal to get wrought iron 

• Revolution in Transportation: The Railroad 

  1. The world’s first important railroad, completed in 1830, ran where? 

• Liverpool(port) to Manchester(textile center)

2. In the 1830s, how fast did the train travel? 16 mph. By 1850 it went 50 mph.

3. What was the effect of reducing the cost of overland freight?

• growing market reach 

• cheaper costs 

• more industries, investments, and jobs 

• leisure travel 

4. Who physically built the first railroads in England?

• peasants(1 in 10)

  • lost their jobs 

5. Significance of the development of railroads?

• more jobs and improved economy 

• larger markets

• changed perception of time, nature, and space

• nationwide economy 

• spread and PUSH of industrialization

• The Industrial Factory:

  1. The first modern factories arose in what industry?

• textiles 

2. What were the consequences of revolutionary changes in the textile industry?

• long regular hours

• lack of flexibility

• repetitive and boring 

3. What was the greatest change workers faced with the shift from the cottage industry to factory work?

• long hours without flexibility 

4. Because working conditions were so poor in early textile factories, factory owners hired…?

• children (got beaten)

• foundling children 

5. Why did early factories hire entire family units?

• Because the family wants enterprise and they need everyone working.

9. What was the Great Exhibition of 1851?

1. Crystal Palace

• showcased many machinery and manufactured goods as a result of the industrial revolution 

• palace made of iron and glass(expensive)

• many people from all over the world attended this

• brought attention to the power politically, economically, and colonial

3. The Spread of Industrialization shi did we review this in class? yeah im not doing the homefun

10. What were difficulties faced by the continental economies in their efforts to compete with the British?

• lacked natural resources

• lack of roads and canals as transportation 

• goods more expensive, had guild restrictions 

• entrepreneurs less enterprising, disliked competition 

11. How does industrialization start on the continent? How was it different from industrialization in Britain? 

• lacked certain resources 

• still had significant population growth as well as agricultural, industrial, and trade improvements 

• Borrowing Techniques and Practices:

• British tried to refrain the spread of their industrialization ideas

• forced artisans to stay in Britain 

1. William and John Cockerill:

• british mechanics who helped the continental states in industrialization 

• open factory in belgium- steam engines, locomotives, etc

2. Fritz Harkort (“James Watt of Germany”):

• attempted to bring steam engine to Germany 

• prussian military officer and observed england’s steam engine 

• Role of the Government:

  1. Government Funding:

• bore cost of building roads, canals, railroads

  • which allowed for a networks of railroads in Britain and Belgium 

• managed economy which increased industrialization 

2. Tariff Protection:

• French response, tax on imported goods to stop them from funding the British 

3. Who was Friedrich List?

• German 

• advocated for rapid and large scale industrialization, therefore MUST use tariffs to counter the growth of other industries 

• free trade destroyed industries 

1. Economic Nationalism

• rapid and large scale industrialization

• free trade and british goods destroy industries- need protective tariffs

• want citizens to buy goods from their own country not others 

12. By 1913, which industrial nations were gaining or passed Britain? Who was not, why?

• Germany challenged Britain’s coal and iron output because of the growing use of coke 

• Belgium had steam engine which allowed for high cotton output 

4. The Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution

13. Population Growth

    • Reasons:

• less famine, disease, death rates

• increased food 

• The Great Hunger:

• Irish potato famine, primitive farming

• European Emigration: 

• irish and german ppl left

• easy for britain bc of the colonies

• many go to USA 

• Urbanization- Growth of Cities: 

• grew dramatically from industrialization 

• as a result of the need for jobs within cities

• Urban living conditions:

• Growth of cities produced miserable living conditions

• Urbanizations and the industrial revolution intensified the problems and made living conditions more apparent

• Rooms were often very small and overcrowded which eventually would lead to these homes being very unsanitary and infested with disease 

• Urban Reformers:

  1. James Kay Shuttleworth: 

• potential for working class to revolt

2. Edwin Chadwick: 

• Advocated for modern sanitation reform 

• Did this by building efficient sewers and water pipes

• Inspired by fear of cholera

5. New Urban Social Classes: Describe the new paradigm of the economic classes.

14. The New Industrial Entrepreneurs

    • Characteristics:

• constructed factories, machinery, and found markets

• high risks and costs

• initially small and high rates of bankruptcy and competition

• gained power and wealth like the landed elite (business aristocracy)

• wealthiest middle class 

15. Workers in the Industrial Age

    • Composition of the Working Classes

      1. Factory Workers:

• men:

  • heavy lifting

• women:

  • ½ textile

  • ½ men wages 

  • married domestic workers

  • unmarried in factories

• children:

  • long hours

  • starvation

  • beaten 

  • used for machinery since small and can fit through crevices 

  • orphaned children: worked really low wages and long hours

• peasants:

  • workhouses: prison like 

2. Artisans and Craftspeople:

• small specialized crafts

• disliked revolution because they lost a lot of jobs due to cheap labor 

3. Servants:

• women who worked for wealthy middle class in cities 

• Working Conditions:

• terrible

  • low pay, long hours, starvation, abuse(especially to children)

• mines:

  • crammed, poor temperatures

  • men dug

  • children and women hauled carts

• cotton mills: 

  • poor temperatures, dusty, unsanitary  

16. Women and the Industrial Revolution

    • What does scholarly debate about the origins of the sexual division of labor during the Industrial Revolution revolve around?

• IR very hard on women, more of a push of traditional value on women, no breaks to take care of children during working days in factories, no longer control pace of work

• Effect on Separate Spheres: Effect on Middle Class wives and daughters?

• expect women to make home a sanctuary for when men come home, very traditional

• woman's place is at a home

• men take better paying jobs 

17. Industrial Revolution and the Standard of Living:

• poor living conditions in cities as well as in factories 

6. Efforts at Change: The Workers

18. The early trade union movement

    • Combination Acts of 1799:

• outlawed the growing workers associations who wanted better conditions

• Trade Unions:

• workers organized trade unions as a group, wanted better pay, working conditions, hours

1. Strikes:

• little support failed to bring attention to poor treatment 

• refusal to work 

19. Robert Owen

• cares about his workers

• leader in trade union 

• Utopian Socialism: cooperative system not competitive 

• Grand National Consolidated Trade Union (1834):

•  Robert Owen's first attempt at a union, wanted to organize all workers into a single union in England, failed

• unionize all factory workers- too difficult 

• Amalgamated Society of Engineers (1851): New Model Union - SKILLED WORKERS

• specific union for skilled workers, successful

• skilled workers have successful unions

20. Who were the Luddites?

• destroyed machinery

• social group of skilled crafts people 

• unsuccessful, seen as foolish 

21. Chartist Movement

    • Most important demand?

• political democracy 

• peaceful and constitutional movement 

• organized 

• universal male suffrage

7. Efforts at Change: Reformers and Government

22. Government Action = interventionists(1830s-1840s)

• parliament is laissez faire 

• more interventionist with the laws

• Factory Act of 1833: 

• less than 9 cannot work in factories 

• limited hours for children 8 hrs

• required that they earn an education 

  • start of public elementary education 

• Elementary Education:

• mandatory for children to get an education, this reduced the hours worked in factories to attend school 

• Coal Mines Act of 1842:

• less than ten cannot work 

• women and children

• Ten Hours Act of 1847:

• max ten hours a day for working 

• women and children benefitted