AS-Level Biology Notes Summary
Chapter 1: Cell Structure
- Organelles in animal and plant cells: nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, etc.
- Magnification: image size/actual size; resolution: ability to distinguish closely spaced objects.
- Prokaryotes (bacteria) vs. Eukaryotes: key differences in cell structure.
Chapter 2: Biological Molecules
- Macromolecules: proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids.
- Carbohydrates: monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides.
- Lipids: triglycerides, phospholipids, roles in energy storage and cell membranes.
- Proteins: structure, function, and peptide bonding.
Chapter 3: Enzymes
- Enzyme action: induced fit vs. lock and key hypothesis.
- Factors affecting enzyme action: concentration, temperature, pH.
- Inhibitors: competitive and non-competitive types.
Chapter 4: Cell Membrane and Transport
- Fluid mosaic model of membranes.
- Transport methods: diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, bulk transport.
Chapter 5: The Mitotic Cell Cycle
- Stages of the cell cycle: G1, S, G2, M; process of mitosis.
- Importance: growth, repair, asexual reproduction.
Chapter 6: Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis
- Structure of DNA vs. RNA.
- Gene expression: transcription and translation processes.
Chapter 7: Transport in Plants
- Xylem: transports water; phloem: transports sugar.
- Factors affecting transpiration and water movement.
Chapter 8: Transport in Mammals
- Cardiovascular system structure and function.
- Blood composition: red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma.
Chapter 9: Gas Exchange and Smoking
- Mechanism of gas exchange in lungs.
- Effects of smoking on respiratory health.
Chapter 10: Infectious Diseases
- Pathogens: bacteria, viruses, protozoa.
- Disease transmission and prevention strategies.
Chapter 11: Immunity
- Immune response: roles of lymphocytes and phagocytes.
- Types of immunity: active vs passive, vaccines, autoimmune diseases, monoclonal antibodies.