AHISTO3_Module 02 (Part 1) India
Architecture Department Art Appreciation
Module Overview
Module 2: Basic Assumptions, Functions, and Nature of Arts
Part 1: Architecture of India
Presented by: Ar. Ayesha Amie G. de Leon, UAP, AFA, Assistant Professor 1
Page 1
Key Topics:
Architecture of India
Presentation Intro
Basic Functionality of Arts
Page 2
History of Architecture
Prepared by: Ar. Jas Reyes
Focus on South Asia Region (India)
Page 3
Key Topics in Module 02
2.2.1 Architecture of India
2.2.2 Architecture of Nepal
By: Ar. Jas Reyes
Page 4
Architecture of India
By: Ar. Jas Reyes
Page 5: Architectural Influences
Geographical Influence
Diverse Geography: Ranges from snow-capped mountains to deserts, plains, hills, and plateaus.
Visual Example: Snow capped mountain at morning in Leh, India.
Page 6: Architectural Influences
Geographic Influence
Cultural Impact: Indian architecture influenced surrounding regions, especially Southeast Asia, due to Buddhism.
Notable Features: Stupa, sikhara, pagoda, torana - symbols of Hindu-Buddhist culture.
Page 7: Architectural Influences
Geographic Features
Major Natural Features:
Indus and Ganges rivers
Himalayas
Surrounded by seas and the Indian Ocean
Affect urban settlements, many cities established along rivers.
Page 8: Architectural Influences
Geographic Influence
West of India: Thar Desert - a mixture of rocky and sandy terrain.
Eastern regions - high Himalayan ranges influence local architecture.
Page 9: Architectural Influences
Geographic Borders
India is bordered by Pakistan, China, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Nepal, Bhutan, and Afghanistan.
Page 10: Architectural Influences
Geological Influence
Key Materials:
Sandstone and white marble (Makrana Marble) - used in Taj Mahal.
Pink marble of Rajputana, trap, and granite of Deccan region.
Page 11: Architectural Influences
Geological Influence
Rock-Cut Chaityas: Created by Buddhists, they exemplify local geological formations.
Available Resources: Timber from the Eastern and Western Ghats; bamboo and palms along low lands.
Page 12: Architectural Influences
Geological Influence
Building Materials:
Brick: Made from local alluvial soil in Bengal.
Terra-Cotta: Used for decorations in early structures.
Lime: Sourced from burning limestone and shells.
Page 13: Architectural Influences
Climatic Influence
Regional Climate Effects: Influenced by the Himalayas and the Thar Desert.
Weather Patterns: Monsoon winds provide most of India's rainfall.
Page 14: Architectural Influences
Historical Influence
Ancient Civilizations: Home to multiple civilizations dating back over 2,000 B.C.
British Rule: 1858 - direct British Crown rule established; subsequent events that shaped modern India.
Page 15: Architectural Influences
Historical Influence
Key Events:
1947: End of British rule, partition of sub-continent.
Notable wars and political changes.
Page 16: Architectural Influences
Historical Influence
Notable Milestones: India's billionth citizen born in 2000, successful ICBM test in 2002, communal tensions.
Page 17: Architectural Influences
Recent Developments
Kartarpur Corridor: Border crossing opened between India and Pakistan enhancing Sikh pilgrimage connectivity.
Page 18: Architectural Influences
Religious Influence
Diverse Religions: Birthplace of four major religions: Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism.
Page 19: Architectural Influences
Traditional Influence
Secular Nature of India: Ensured no religion is favored by the government.
Hinduism Dominance: Practice among nearly 80% of India’s population.
Page 20: Architectural Influences
Summary of Major Religions
Hinduism: Evolved from Aryan and Dravidian beliefs.
Buddhism and Jainism: Key teachings focus on non-violence and spiritual enlightenment.
Page 21: Hinduism Characteristics
Census 2011 Findings: Pantheistic and polytheistic aspects.
Page 22: Hindu Deities
Three Main Gods
Brahma (the Creator), Vishnu (the Preserver), Shiva (the Destroyer).
Page 23: Hindu Deities
Summary
The trio of deities play vital roles in Hindu cosmology.
Page 24: Architectural Elements
Key Characters and Structures for understanding Indian Architecture.
Page 25: Cave Architecture
Developed in 3rd Century BC as residences for monks.
Characteristics: Includes structures like Chaityas and Viharas.
Page 26: Ajanta Caves
Historical Significance: 2nd and 1st centuries B.C. - masterpieces of Buddhist art.
Page 27: Karla Caves (Maharashtra)
Notable Features: Great Chaitya Cave with intricate carvings.
Page 28: Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves
Comprises 117 caves, known for inscriptions and sculptures.
Page 29: Masroor Temple Complex
Hindu Temples: Adorned with intricate carvings connected to mythology.
Page 30: Ancient Architecture
Significant Structures: Temples, Chaityas, Viharas, Stupas.
Page 31: Chaitya Halls
Buddhist shrines with stupas; reflects Roman architectural concepts.
Page 32: Important Chaityas
Noteworthy examples include Karla, Ajanta, Ellora, and others.
Page 33: Stupa Definition
Important Buddhist structure, used as a burial monument.
Page 34: Great Stupa (Sanchi)
Built during Ashoka’s time; key architectural landmark.
Page 35: Stupa Torana
Stone gateways marking entrances to stupas or temples.
Page 36: Vihara Definition
Early form of Buddhist monastery, offering shelter to monks.
Page 37: Indo-Islamic Architecture
Combining Styles: Fusion of Islamic elements with Indian architecture during medieval times.
Page 38: Architectural Subdivisions
Categorized into Delhi Sultanate architecture and Mughal architecture.
Page 39: Mughal Architecture
Period marked the golden age of Islamic architecture in northern India.
Page 40: Taj Mahal
Iconic Structure: Built by Shah Jahan in memory of Mumtaz Mahal; represents pinnacle of Indo-Islamic architecture.
Page 41: Taj Mahal Details
Architectural Achievements: Ustad Ahmad Lahori as chief architect; renowned worldwide.
Page 42: Aerial View of Taj Mahal
Overview illustrating its architectural beauty.
Page 43: Taj Mahal Geometry
Importance of geometric design in its aesthetic appeal.
Page 44-47: Various Parts of Taj Mahal
Detailing the architectural elements utilized in the structure.
Page 48: Aerial View of Taj Mahal
Further visual insight into its grand structure.
Page 49: Temple Architecture
Styles
Three principal styles: Nagara (Northern), Dravida (Southern), and Vesara (Mixed).
Page 50: Garbha-griha
Womb Chamber: Core area housing the deity within temples.
Page 51: Tirumala Venkateswara Temple
Size and Features: Notable for its expansive enclosures and various chambers for rituals.
Page 52: Tirumala Temple Features
Additional insights into temple significance and architecture.
Page 53: Akshardham Temple
Meaning: Divine place of devotion and peace.
Page 54: Laxminarayan Temple
Historical context of the temple and its inclusive visitation policy.
Page 55: Laxminarayan Temple Significance
Incorporation of various religious traditions and serene environment.
Page 56-57: Dwarkadhish Temple
Importance as a pilgrimage site and unique historical anecdotes.
Page 58: References for Further Study
Links to various tourism and cultural resources.
Page 59: Conclusion
END OF MODULE 02 (PART 1)