SAD-lecture 2
TYPES OF SYSTEMS & INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Open and Closed Systems
Open System: Interacts with its environment, receiving inputs and delivering outputs. Must adapt to changing conditions.
Closed System: Does not interact with the environment, isolated from external influences. Rarely found in reality.
Characteristics of an Open System
Designed to achieve predetermined objectives.
Comprising of input, output, storage, and processing elements.
Operates within specified boundaries with interactions with other systems.
Controlled to prevent exceeding boundaries.
Components are interdependent, functioning as subsystems.
Closed System Features
Lacks interaction with the environment (no inputs/outputs).
Self-correcting and self-contained; unaffected by external factors.
CLASSIFICATION OF SYSTEMS
Adaptive vs. Non-Adaptive Systems
Adaptive System: Responds to environmental changes for improvement (e.g., humans, animals).
Non-Adaptive System: Does not respond to environmental changes (e.g., machines).
Permanent vs. Temporary Systems
Permanent System: Lasts for a long time (e.g., business policies).
Temporary System: Created for specific purposes and disassembled afterward (e.g., event-specific setups).
Natural vs. Manufactured Systems
Natural Systems: Created by nature (e.g., solar system).
Manufactured Systems: Man-made systems (e.g., rockets).
Deterministic vs. Probabilistic Systems
Deterministic Systems: Operate predictably (e.g., chemical reactions).
Probabilistic Systems: Exhibit uncertainty (e.g., weather forecasting).
Social, Human-Machine, and Machine Systems
Social Systems: Comprise people (e.g., clubs).
Human-Machine Systems: Involve both humans and machines (e.g., computer programming).
Machine Systems: Operate without human interference (e.g., autonomous robots).
CYBERNETIC SYSTEMS
Adaptive, self-regulating systems that react to environmental stimuli.
Adaptation methods are uncertain and outputs can vary.
NATURE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Definitions
Data: Unstructured facts about events, objects, or people.
Information: Processed data that adds value and meaning to the recipient.
Information System: Combines people, procedures, and technology to collect and disseminate information.
MANAGEMENT
Process: Series of operations necessary to achieve desired results.
Functions of Management: Include planning, organizing, controlling, staffing, supervising, and motivating.
LEVELS OF MANAGEMENT
Top Level Management: Responsible for overall organization oversight and strategic planning.
Middle Level Management: Interprets policies and organizes departmental operations.
Supervisory Level: Executes plans and manages daily activities, maintaining worker discipline.
INFORMATION SYSTEM - DEFINITION
Interrelated components that collect, process, store, and disseminate information.
Combinations of hardware, software, and networks designed to support decision-making.
TYPES OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Common types include:
Executive Support Systems (ESS)
Decision Support Systems (DSS)
Management Information Systems (MIS)
Knowledge Work Systems (KWS)
Office Automation Systems (OAS)
Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)
Specific Systems
Transaction Processing Systems (TPS): Records daily transactions, essential for management decision-making.
Decision Support Systems (DSS): Analyzes data for strategic management decision-making.
Management Information Systems (MIS): Provides reports for middle management performance monitoring.
Executive Support Systems (ESS): Facilitates data analysis and strategic decision-making for senior management.
Expert Systems: Mimic human reasoning to solve complex problems and assist in decision-making.
Office Automation Systems (OAS): Enhance office productivity through the integration of computing and telecommunication technologies.