4th Quarterly Review Notes

Classification

  • Binomial Nomenclature:
    • A system where each species is given a two-word name.
    • The name is in Latin.
    • The first word represents the genus, and the second represents the species.
    • The genus name is always capitalized.
    • Used universally across countries.
  • Taxa:
    • Groups into which organisms are organized based on similarities.
    • Hierarchy (from most general to most specific):
      • Kingdom
        • Examples: Plants, Animals, Protists, Fungi, Bacteria (Eubacteria & Archaebacteria)
      • Phylum
      • Class
      • Order
      • Family
      • Genus
      • Species

Evolution

  • Jean Baptiste Lamarck:
    • French scientist who proposed a mechanism for evolution.
    • Proposed that physical features increase in size with use or reduce in size with disuse during an organism's lifetime.
    • Linked these changes to environmental conditions.
  • Charles Darwin:
    • English naturalist who published evidence for evolution.
    • Proposed the mechanism of natural selection to explain how evolution occurs.
  • Epigenetics:
    • Modern theory that suggests the environment controls gene expression.

Evolutionary Evidence and Processes

  • Vestigial Structures:
    • Structures that reveal an organism's evolutionary past.
  • Homologous Structures:
    • Structures that share a common ancestry.
    • Different outside, similar inside.
  • Analogous Traits:
    • Similar features that evolved through convergent evolution.
  • Phylogenetic Trees:
    • Diagrams showing how organisms are related through evolution.
  • Speciation:
    • The evolutionary process by which reproductively isolated biological populations evolve into distinct species.

Ecology

  • Populations:
    • A group of organisms of the same species living in a specific area.
  • Habitat:
    • The place where a particular population of a species lives.
  • Community:
    • A habitat that contains many different species.
  • Ecosystem:
    • Community + abiotic factors.
  • Population (defined more precisely):
    • All the individuals of a species living together in one place at one time.
  • Carrying Capacity:
    • The largest population size an environment can sustain.
  • Succession:
    • The regular displacement of one species by another in an area.
    • Pioneer Species:
      • The first organisms to inhabit an area.
    • Climax Community:
      • The final group of organisms to inhabit an area.
    • Primary Succession:
      • Takes place where plants haven't grown before.
    • Secondary Succession:
      • Takes place in an area where there has already been previous growth.
  • Energy Pyramid:
    • Diagram representing each trophic level as stacked blocks, with the lowest trophic levels at the bottom.
  • Biosphere
  • Mutualism:
    • Both species benefit.
  • Commensalism:
    • One species benefits, and the other is neither harmed nor helped.
  • Introduction of Invasive Species

Lytic Cycle

  1. Virus inserts genetic material into host cell
  2. Destroys host cells DNA.
  3. Uses viral genetic material to create new virus parts.
  4. New virus parts form together to form viruses.
  5. Viruses break apart the cell and leave.