Lab 3 Study Guide Notes

Microcirculation in Fish

• Watch the video of microcirculation in fish.

• Be able to answer all questions related to this section.

• Questions on the quiz will pertain to this video.

  1. Which vessels are converging?

     • vein coverge

  2. Which vessels are diverging?

     • arteries

     Note the relative speed of the blood as it flow through the three types of blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries)

     1. Blood moves slowest in which vessels? Why?

        • capillaries

     2. Blood moves fastest in which vessels?

        • arteries

     3. in a corresponding artery and vein, which has a smaller diameter? why?

        • Arteries

• List two arteries that can be used to take a human pulse:

  • Radial artery

  • Brachial artery

  • Make sure to specify that it is an artery.

• When taking blood pressure, the artery used is the brachial artery.

• Be able to determine which number is systolic and which is diastolic pressure.

• Define systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, and pulse pressure.

• Pulse Pressure Calculation: Pulse Pressure = Systolic Pressure - Diastolic Pressure

• Use the definitions provided in the lab manual.

• Identify blood vessels in the human body listed in the lab manual on pages one and two.

  • Provide the full name for each blood vessel (e.g., common carotid artery).

  • Determine if the vessel is left or right.

  • Include vein or artery in your answer.

  • Only responsible for materials in the lab.

Blood Vessel Convergence and Divergence

• Differentiate between converging and diverging blood vessels.

  • Converging: Coming together.

  • Diverging: Moving apart.

• Traveling from the aorta outwards results in diverging blood vessels.

• Blood vessels converge as they come from the capillary bed into smaller vessels and then into bigger vessels.

Relative Speed of Blood Flow

• Note the relative speed of blood as it flows through arteries, veins, and capillaries.

  • Blood moves slowest in capillaries because blood has to flow single cell through.

  • Blood moves fastest in arteries due to systolic pressure and muscular walls.

• Arteries have a smaller diameter and a thicker muscular wall compared to veins.

Vasa Vasorum

• In the video, identify the vasa vasorum.

• Vasa vasorum are small vessels leaving the main artery, practically in a single cell line, going to a different vessel.

Pulse Rate Measurement

• Pulse rate reflects the rate of cardiac contraction of the heart.

• It can be measured where an artery lies near the surface and passes over a bone.

• Common locations for measuring pulse:

  • Radial artery (commonly used)

  • Temporal arteries

  • Carotid artery

  • Brachial artery

  • Popliteal artery (behind the knee)

  • Facial artery (on the jawline)

Blood Pressure Measurement

• Blood pressure is measured using a sphygmomanometer in millimeters of mercury (mmHg).

• Define sphygmomanometer as an instrument that measures peripheral blood pressure in millimeters of mercury.

Systolic and Diastolic Pressure

• The first sound heard with a stethoscope corresponds to systolic pressure.

• Systolic Pressure: Peak pressure during ventricular systole.

• As the pressure decreases, the sound becomes louder, and the disappearance of the sound indicates diastolic pressure.

• Diastolic Pressure: Minimum pressure during diastole.

Pulse Pressure

• Pulse pressure is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure.

• Pulse Pressure = Systolic Pressure - Diastolic Pressure

• Systolic pressure is the bigger (top) number, and diastolic pressure is the smaller (bottom) number.

Identifying Blood Vessels on Models

• For upper limbs, use the mesoscalting models, occasionally using the guy with beautiful veins.

• For leg arteries and veins, use the specified models.

• Arteries are on the right, veins are on the left on the models.

Upper Limb Arteries

• Subclavian artery: Located under the clavicle.

• Subscapular artery: Located under the scapula.

• Axillary artery: Located in the armpit (axillary means armpit).

• Brachial artery: Located in the upper arm; used for blood pressure measurement.

• Radial and Ulnar arteries: Branch from the brachial artery.

  • Thumb side: radial artery.

  • Pinky side: ulnar artery.

• Deep and Superficial Palmar Arch arteries:

  • Deep arch: Covers the carpus (wrist).

  • Superficial arch: Covers the metacarpus (hand).

• Digital arteries: Located in the digits (fingers).

  • Number the digits from thumb (1) to pinky (5).

Upper Limb Veins

• Subclavian: Located under the clavicle.

• Axillary: Located in the armpit.

• Cephalic: Higher up, towards the ceiling, goes all the way down the arm, loops in u then on arm it's called Basilic.

• Veins loop once, cephalic is on the outside.

• Brachial: Dives deep and goes to the back of the arm.

• Radial and Ulnar: smaller loop radial is on the thumb side.

• Medium cubital: Crosses from one side to the other; common site for drawing blood.

• Digital veins: Located in the digits (fingers).

Lower Limb Arteries

• Common iliac artery: Branch from the aorta.

• External and Internal iliac arteries: Division of the common iliacs.

• Femoral artery: Located after the external iliac exits the pelvic cavity.

• Deep femoral artery: Branch from the femoral artery, attached to the femur.

• Popliteal artery: Located behind the knee.

• Genicular artery: Goes around the kneecap.

• Anterior tibial and Posterior tibial arteries: Located on the tibia.

  • Anterior tibial: Front of the tibia

  • Posterior tibial: Back of the tibia

• Fibular artery: Vein going off towards the fibula.

• Dorsal pedis: Located above the circle of an artery on the foot.

• Digital arteries: Located in the digits (toes).

  • Big toe is number one.

Lower Limb Veins

• Common iliac vein: Off of the vena cava.

• Internal and External iliac veins.

• Great saphenous vein: Runs down the whole inside of the thigh and leg (superficial in the middle).

• Femoral vein: Large vein.

• Popliteal vein: after femoral, travels to the back, branching of

• Small saphenous vein: Branching higher up off of the femoral vein, lateral and superficial, runs from the lower leg on bottom.

• Anterior tibial and Posterior tibial veins:

  • Posterior tibial: Located on the back.

  • Anterior tibial: Starts in the back goes to front, nice islet hanging over

• Digital Veins: Located in the digits (toes) and are numbered the same as the arteries.