Katipunan Revolution and Independence

The KATIPUNAN Revolution

Cry of Pugadlawin

• August 23, 1896

• Bahay Toro, Pugadlawin, Balintawak

• Bonifacio took the field despite lack of arms and ammunition

• Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto and other Katipuneros

• Gathering at the house of Melchora Aquino

  • Mother of the Katipunan

• Tearing of Cedula Personales and shouting "Long Live the Philippines! Long live the Katipunan!" as a show of defiance to the Spanish government

Fighting Begins

• August 30, 1896

• Attack on the polverin in San Juan Del Monte

• Revolutionaries armed with bolos, spears, crude guns

• Superior rifles of the Spaniards overpowering the revolutionaries

• Around 150 Katipuneros killed in the battle

• Retreat of Bonifacio and his surviving men in Balara

Martial Law / Reign of Terror

• August 30, 1896

• Decree declaring 8 provinces in a state of war

  • Manila, Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Laguna, Tarlac, and Batangas.

• Pardon granted to those who surrender within 48 hours

• Dr. Pio Valenzuela and his companions surrender to the government

• Mass arrest of suspected members and execution of Katipuneros

  • 13 Katipuneros put to death at Plaza de Armas

    • Dubbed “Los Treces Martires”

  • Imprisonment of 22 prominent residents of Manila in Fort Santiago

  • Exile of more than 150 Filipinos in Africa for alleged participation in the rebellion

Bonifacio and Aguinaldo

• Rivalry between 2 Katipunan councils

  • Magdalo - Baldomero Aguinaldo

  • Magdiwang - Mariano Alvarez

  • The rivalry led to defeats

• Meeting in Imus to establish a revolutionary government and unify the forces under a single command

Tejeros Convention

• President : Emilio Aguinaldo

• Vice President : Mariano Trias

• Captain-General : Artemio Ricarte

• Director of War : Emiliano Riego de Dios

• Director of the Interior : Andres Bonifacio

Acta de Tejeros

• Proclamation declaring the convention at Tejeros disorderly and its decisions illegitimate

• Patriots should not recognize the government or republic instituted at the convention

Execution of Bonifacio

• Creation of the Council of War

  • headed by General Mariano Noriel

• Bonifacio brothers found guilty of treason, sedition, and conspiracy to assassinate Aguinaldo

• May 10, 1897

  • Gen. Noriel ordered Major Lazaro Macapagal thru a sealed letter to release the Bonifacio brothers.

  • The letter opened, as requested by Bonifacio after arriving in Mt. Nagpatong Maragondon, carried a strict order for execution.

Biyak-na-Bato Republic

• July 1897

• Revolutionary government established by Aguinaldo

• Biak na Bato San Miguel, Bulacan

Proclamations issued by Aguinaldo with revolutionary demands

• Representation in the Spanish Cortes

• Expulsion of the friars and the return to the Filipinos the lands they appropriated for themselves

• Freedom of press and tolerance of religious sect

• Equality among the peninsular and insular officials

• Abolition of banishment of citizens

Officials for the revolutionary government

• President : Emilio Aguinaldo

• Vice President : Mariano Trias

• Secretary of Foreign Affairs : Antonio Montenegro

• Secretary of the Interior : Isabelo Artacho

• Secretary of War : Riego de Dios

• Secretary of the Treasury : Baldomero Aguinaldo

Truce of Biyak-na-Bato

Agreement

• Voluntary exile of Aguinaldo and his officers to Hong Kong

• The payment of the sum of 800,000php

  • 400,000php upon departure

  • 200,000php when the arms surrendered reach 700

  • 200,000php when the general amnesty has been proclaimed and the TE DEUM had been sung

• Additional 900,000php to the families of non-combatant Filipinos who suffered during the revolution

Results

• Dec 27, 1897

  • Aguinaldo and his 25 leaders went to Lingayen and boarded the Uranus bound for HK

    • He had with him the check of 400,00php

  • His generals including Artemio Ricarte left behind to supervice the surrender of arms

• January 23, 1897

  • The Spanish Government announced the end of hostilities

  • Amnesty among the rebels was proclaimed 2 days later

• The pact of Biak na Bato ended the conflict between Aguinaldo’s forces and the Spaniards but other revolutionary groups continued

Spanish-American War

• Explosion and sinking of the USS Maine in Cuba

  • Feb 15, 1898

  • “Act of treachery”

  • Indignation of the American and thereby justified its demand for pull out of Spanish forces in Cuba

Battle of Manila Bay

• May 1, 1898

• Dewey and his fleet sail to the Philippines to destroy the Spanish armada anchored in Manila

  • 4 armored cruises: Olympia, Baltimore, Boston, Raleigh

  • 2 gun boats: Concord, Petrel

Aguinaldo during the Battle

• HK to Singapore

• Interview with E. Spencer Pratt

• Aguinaldo and Rounsenville Wildman

  • Advised Aguinaldo to establish a dictatorial form of government in the Philippines upon his return

• Aguinaldo and the Hong Kong Junta

  • Organization formed as a revolutionary government in exile by Filipino revolutionaries

Aguinaldo Returns

• May 17, 1898

• Onboard the USRC McCullough

• Aguinaldo returns to the Philippines and demoralizes the Spanish authorities in Manila

  • Renewed struggle from the Filipino side

Siege of Manila

• General Governor Basilio Agustin attempt to prevent the desertion of Filipino soldiers from Spanish forces

  • Via Issuance of circular calling for the unity of the Ph and its liberties to Spain

• Aguinaldo demanded for surrender of Spanish forces inside the city

  • Gov. Gen. Agustin refused to surrender

American Betrayal of Aguinaldo

• Secret Agreement

• Mock Battle of Manila

• American Terms

Freedom and Independence

Dictatorial Government

• Establishment of a Dictatorial Government by Aguinaldo

  • Adviced from American Consul Rounseville Wildman

  • Saw it as effective and efficient to address the serious conditions at the time of crisis

• Apolinario Mabini suggests a Revolutionary Government

  • popularly based and thus more stable than a dictatorial government in the eyes of the international community

Declaration of Independence

• Acta de la proclamacion de independencia del pueblo Filipino

Reorganization of the Local Government

• Suffrage

  • Right to vote was granted to men who were prominent members of society

• Popular Assembly

  • Consisted of elected officials, with the town chief serving as the President of the assembly.

• Provincial Council

  • Consisted of the provincial chief or governor and three councilors who were elected by town chiefs in consultation with the Popular Assembly.

• Election

  • Election of delegates that would constitute the Revolutionary congress

Revolutionary Government

• Revolutionary Government declared by Aguinaldo

  • June 23, 1898

  • Dictatorial Government replaced

  • Chief of State title changed from Dictator to President

• Revolutionary Congress created as an advisory body

  • Four cabinet departments established

“First Philippine Republic”

• Established in Malolos

• Malolos Congress

• Malolos Constitution

• Malolos Republic

Treaty of Paris

• December 10, 1898

• Spain gave the Philippines to the United States

• United States agreed to pay $20,000,000 to Spain for improvements made