Misc. Tables

Cranial Nerve

Function

Sensory, Motor, or Both

Damage Effects

I. Olfactory

- Sense of smell

Sensory

- Loss of smell

II. Optic

- Vision

Sensory

- Complete/partial blindness

III. Oculomotor

- eye muscles for multiple directions
- Eyes roll up (from lab)
- regulates iris, lens, upper palpebral

Motor

- Drooping eyelid
- Dilated pupils
- Double vision
- restricted eye movement.

IV. Trochlear

- superior oblique for down/lateral movement

Motor

- Difficulty moving eye down
- Double Vision

V. Trigeminal

Sensory: Touch, pain, and temperature from face
Motor: Muscles of mastication

3 Divisions:
- Ophthalmic sensory
- Maxillary sensory
- Mandibular both

Both

- Loss of sensation in face

VI. Abducens

- lateral rectus for lateral movement → away from nose

Motor

- Inability lateral eye movement
- Stuck crosseyed

VII. Facial

- Sensory: Taste senses @ anterior 2/3 of tongue

- Motor: Muscles facial expression

INNERVATES:
Salivary, lacrimal, nasal, and palatine glands.

Both

- sagging facial muscles
- Loss of taste on anterior 2/3 of

VIII. Vestibulocochlear

- Hearing and balance

Sensory

- deaf
- dizzy
- nausea
- loss of balance

IX. Glossopharyngeal

swallowing, salivation, gag reflex

and regulating blood pressure and respiration

- Sensory: Taste on posterior 1/3 of tongue, sensations from the throat
- Motor: Swallowing

Both

- Loss of taste on posterior 1/3 of tongue
- Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)
- Dry mouth (xerostomia)

X. Vagus

ANS’s regulation of cardiac, pulmonary, digestive, and urinary functions, swallowing and speech.

Both

- Hoarseness or loss of voice
- Difficulty swallowing

XI. Accessory

swallowing and movements of the head, neck, and shoulders;

Motor

- Difficulty shrugging shoulder - head tilt toward injured side

XII. Hypoglossal

- tongue muscles for speech and swallowing

Motor

- Tongue can’t protrude

Group

Structure

Function

Motor Control & Coordination

Cerebellum

Motor coordination, balance, and fine motor control

Basal Ganglia (specifically - substantia nigra )

Motor control, movement initiation, and prevention of unwanted movements (parkinson’s)

Primary Motor Cortex

Voluntary motor control

Spinal Cord

Sensory and motor pathways, reflex control

Sensory Processing

Thalamus

Sensory relay to the cerebral cortex

Sensory Cortex (Parietal Lobe)

Processing of sensory information (touch, pain, temperature, etc.)

Higher Cognitive Functions

Cerebrum (Cerebral Cortex)

Higher cognitive functions (thinking, reasoning, problem-solving)

Prefrontal Cortex

Decision making, planning, and personality

Memory & Emotion

Limbic System

Emotion, memory, and autonomic control

Amygdala

Emotional responses (fear, aggression)

Hippocampus

Memory formation and retrieval

Cingulate Cortex

Emotion processing, linking emotion to behavior/reward

Autonomic & Homeostatic Control

Hypothalamus
= homeostasis (keeps us comfortable)

Big picture

Regulates autonomic functions for homeostasis: (temperature, hunger, thirst), homeostasis

Medulla Oblongata = Mechanics: cardiac, respiratory reflex centers

Immediate Actions

Regulates heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing

Pons

Breathing regulation, sleep/wake cycles, relays information between brain regions

Visual & Auditory Processing

Occipital Lobe (Visual Cortex)

Visual processing and interpretation

Temporal Lobe (Auditory Cortex)

Auditory processing, sound localization, and memory

Superior Colliculus (Midbrain)

Visual reflexes, eye movement coordination

Inferior Colliculus (Midbrain)

Auditory reflexes, sound localization

Language

Broca’s Area

Speech production, language expression (frontal cortex)

Wernicke’s Area

Language comprehension, understanding of speech (temporal lobe)

Sleep & Arousal

Reticular Formation

Arousal, alertness, sleep regulation, and wakefulness

Pons

REM sleep regulation, sleep-wake cycles

Reflexes & Basic Functions

Spinal Cord

Reflexes (e.g., patellar reflex)

Brain Lobe

Major Structures

Functions

Frontal Lobe

- Primary motor cortex (Precentral gyrus)
- Premotor cortex

- Prefrontal cortex

- Broca’s Area

- Voluntary movement control (Primary motor cortex)
- Motor planning (Premotor cortex)

- Higher cognitive functions: decision-making, planning, reasoning, problem-solving, and personality (Prefrontal cortex)
- Speech production (Broca's area)

Parietal Lobe

- Primary somatosensory cortex (Postcentral gyrus)
- Somatosensory association area

- Processing sensory information (touch, temperature, pain, pressure) from the body (Primary somatosensory cortex)
- Spatial awareness and perception
- Integration of sensory information

Temporal Lobe

- Primary auditory cortex
- Wernicke's area

- Hippocampus

- Amygdala

- Hearing and auditory processing (Primary auditory cortex)
- Language comprehension (Wernicke's area)
- Memory formation and processing (Hippocampus)
- Emotional responses (Amygdala)

Occipital Lobe

- Primary visual cortex (

- Visual processing, including recognition of shapes, colors, and motion (Primary visual cortex)

Cerebellum

- Arbor vitae

- Purkinje cells (axons w/i arbor)

- Coordination of voluntary movement

- Balance and posture regulation

- Motor learning and fine motor control

Limbic System

- Amygdala
- Hippocampus

- Hypothalamus

- Cingulate Gyrus

- Emotional processing (amygdala)
- Memory formation and retrieval (hippocampus)

- Regulation of autonomic functions (heart rate, body temperature, etc.) (hypothalamus)

- Reward and pleasure systems (cingulate gyrus)

Brainstem

- Medulla oblongata

- Pons



- Midbrain

- Regulation of basic life functions like heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure (Medulla oblongata)

- Communication between different parts of the brain (Pons) : Cerebellum: Cerebrum

- Reflexive movements and auditory/visual processing (Midbrain: superior/inferior colliculus)