Unit 2: Migration and Population

  • Agricultural density - measures the number of farmers per unit area of farmland

  • Antinatalist - government that don’t promote women to have more children

  • Arable land - land that is capable of being plowed and growing crops

  • Arithmetic density - measure of population density that calculates the total population divided by the total land area

  • Asylum - protection a country offers to individuals who have fled persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution in their home country

  • Brain drain - a situation whereby talented professionals flee one country to another in search of better pay and working conditions

  • Carrying capacity - how much a place can handle/hold

  • Chain migration - the process by which migrants move to a specific location not just independently but through the influence of family members or others from their community who have already settled there.

  • Circular migration - the temporary and repetitive movement of people between their home country and host countries, typically for work

  • Crude birth rate (CBR) - number of births per 1000 women in a given year

  • Crude death rate (CDR) - number of death per 1000 women in a given year

  • Demographic Transition Model (DTM) - a framework used to analyze population changes as countries develop economically (5 stages)

  • Demographics - the statistical study of human populations, focusing on characteristics like age, sex, race, ethnicity, and other social factors

  • Dependency ratio - the proportion of a population that is considered dependent (too young/too old to work) compared to the working-age population

  • Distance decay - describes the general decline in interaction between two places as the distance between them increases

  • Doubling time - the period it takes for a population to double, given a consistent growth rate

  • Emigration - leaving a place/country

  • Demographics - the statistical data and characteristics of a population, including factors like age, gender, race, ethnicity, education level, and income

  • Dependency ratio - a measure of the number of dependents aged zero to 14 and over the age of 65, compared with the total population aged 15 to 64.

  • Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM) - describes how mortality and morbidity patterns change as a country develops

  • Forced migration - having to move to another place even though a person does not want to

  • Friction of distance - increasing physical distance between two locations creates barriers to interaction and reduces the likelihood of those interactions occurring

  • Gravity model - explains how regions of human populated areas interact and are influenced by the variables of their populations and the distance between them

  • Guest workers - a migrant worker who is employed in a country for a limited period of time and then returns home

  • Human migration - the movement of people from one place to another, either temporarily or permanently, within or between countries

  • Human trafficking - the movement of people for the purpose of exploitation, typically through force, fraud, or coercion

  • Immigration - entering/moving into a new place

  • Infant mortality rate (IMR) - measures how many babies, per thousand births, die before their first birthday

  • Internal migration - movement of an individual/group to another place INSIDE of a country

  • Internally displaced persons - someone forced to leave their home but stays within their country's borders, often due to conflict, persecution, or natural disasters

  • Interregional migration - refers to the movement of people from one region to another within the same country (e.g. ppl moving from rural South to urban North in the U.S.)

  • Intervening obstacle - factor that prevents migration (e.g. physical barriers like borders, mountains, oceans)

  • Intervening opportunity - a factor that causes a migrant to settle in a location other than their originally intended destination (e.g. someone planning to migrate to Chicago for a job might be diverted to a smaller town on their path due to a job offer there)

  • Intraregional migration - permanent movement of people within the same region of a country

  • Kinship links - Types of push factors or pull factors that influence a migrant's decision to go where family or friends have already found success

  • Malthusian Theory of Population Growth (Malthus’ Theory) -  the human population grows more rapidly than the food supply until famines, war or disease reduces the population

  • Neo-Malthusian - individuals or groups who believe that unchecked population growth leads to resource depletion and environmental degradation, potentially causing societal problems like famine and conflict

  • Net migration - number of immigrants minus the number of emigrants, including citizens and noncitizens

  • Overpopulation - too many of something/exceeding in an area

  • Life expectancy - how many years someone or something is expected to live

  • Physiological density - the number of persons per unit of agricultural land

  • Population density - measure of how many people live in a given land area, typically expressed as people per square mile or square kilometer

  • Population distribution - pattern of how people are spread across a given area, highlighting where they live

  • Population pyramids - graphical representation of the distribution of a population by age and sex

  • Pronatalist - encourages and supports increasing birth rates

  • Pull factor - reasons for people to move INTO a country

  • Push factor - reasons for people to move OUT of a country

  • Quotas (immigration quotas) - legal limit imposed by a country on the number of immigrants, particularly those from specific countries, who are allowed to enter the country each year

  • Rate of natural increase (NIR) - measure of how quickly a population is growing or declining

  • Refugees - people who must leave their home area for their own safety or survival

  • Remittance - money or goods sent by migrants to their home countries

  • Repatriate - the process of returning individuals or groups to their country of origin or place of citizenship.

  • Sex ratio - number of males per 100 females in a population

  • Skills gap - shortage of people trained in a particular industry

  • Step migration - a gradual movement from one location to another, typically in a series of steps, rather than one direct move

  • Total fertility rate (TFR) - how many children a woman is expected to have in her lifetime

  • Transhumance - seasonal movement of livestock between different pastures. (Shepards moving their sheep from a lowland pastures in the winter to highland pastures in the summer)

  • Transnational migration - Movement across international borders. (E.g. a person from Mexico moving to the U.S. for work)

Voluntary migration -  Movement by choice. E.g. a person moving to a new city for better job opportunities or a more desirable climate.