POL220 Lecture 15 - The Role of The Media

The media significantly impacts the American political process, despite not being formally part of the government.
Media bias has historical roots, with early newspapers openly advocating for political parties (e.g., Federalist vs. Democratic Republicans).

Penny Press (1880s-90s): Mass production of newspapers increases news availability and necessitates political manipulation.
Radio (1920s): Introduces judging candidates by their voice; Franklin Roosevelt uses radio effectively through fireside chats.
Television (1960s): Shifts focus to visual image; the 1960 Kennedy-Nixon debate highlights TV's impact.

Confidentiality:
- On the record: Information can be quoted and attributed.
- On background: Information can be printed, but not attributed by name.
- On deep background: Information can be printed, but not attributed to anyone.
- Off the record: Information is for reporter's knowledge only, not for publication.
Equal Time: Radio and television must provide equal time to opposing candidates.
Right of Reply: Candidates have the right to respond to statements made against them.

Freedom of the Press:
- Protecting sources: Do reporters have to reveal sources, even in criminal cases?
- Right of access: Balancing press access with the right to a fair trial.
- Access to information: Balancing the public's right to know with executive privilege (e.g., war on terror information).