Periodicity

Periodic Table of the Elements

General Structure

  • The Periodic Table is organized in a grid format that classifies elements based on their atomic numbers and chemical properties.

  • The table includes various designations for groups (columns) and periods (rows).

Groups (Columns)

  • Group IA: Alkaline Metals

  • Group IIA: Alkaline Earth Metals

  • Group IIIA: Boron Group

  • Group IVA: Carbon Group

  • Group VA: Nitrogen Group

  • Group VIA: Chalcogens (Oxygen Group)

  • Group VIIA: Halogens

  • Group VIIIA: Noble Gases

  • Additional notations for transition metals and inner transition metals:

    • Lanthanide Series (Elements 57-71)

    • Actinide Series (Elements 89-103)

Periods (Rows)

  • Periods indicate the atomic number of an element, referring to how many protons each atom possesses in its nucleus.

Individual Elements and Their Atomic Weights

  1. Hydrogen (H) - Atomic Number: 1, Atomic Weight: 1.008

  2. Lithium (Li) - Atomic Number: 3, Atomic Weight: 6.941

  3. Beryllium (Be) - Atomic Number: 4, Atomic Weight: 9.012

  4. Sodium (Na) - Atomic Number: 11, Atomic Weight: 22.990

  5. Magnesium (Mg) - Atomic Number: 12, Atomic Weight: 24.305

  6. Potassium (K) - Atomic Number: 19, Atomic Weight: 39.098

  7. Calcium (Ca) - Atomic Number: 20, Atomic Weight: 40.078

  8. Scandium (Sc) - Atomic Number: 21, Atomic Weight: 44.956

  9. Titanium (Ti) - Atomic Number: 22, Atomic Weight: 47.88

  10. Vanadium (V) - Atomic Number: 23, Atomic Weight: 50.942

  11. Chromium (Cr) - Atomic Number: 24, Atomic Weight: 51.996

  12. Manganese (Mn) - Atomic Number: 25, Atomic Weight: 54.938

  13. Iron (Fe) - Atomic Number: 26, Atomic Weight: 55.933

  14. Cobalt (Co) - Atomic Number: 27, Atomic Weight: 58.933

  15. Nickel (Ni) - Atomic Number: 28, Atomic Weight: 58.693

  16. Copper (Cu) - Atomic Number: 29, Atomic Weight: 63.546

  17. Zinc (Zn) - Atomic Number: 30, Atomic Weight: 65.39

  18. Gallium (Ga) - Atomic Number: 31, Atomic Weight: 69.732

  19. Aluminum (Al) - Atomic Number: 13, Atomic Weight: 26.982

  20. Boron (B) - Atomic Number: 5, Atomic Weight: 10.811

  21. Germanium (Ge) - Atomic Number: 32, Atomic Weight: 72.61

  22. Silicon (Si) - Atomic Number: 14, Atomic Weight: 28.086

  23. Carbon (C) - Atomic Number: 6, Atomic Weight: 12.011

  24. Arsenic (As) - Atomic Number: 33, Atomic Weight: 74.922

  25. Phosphorus (P) - Atomic Number: 15, Atomic Weight: 30.974

  26. Nitrogen (N) - Atomic Number: 7, Atomic Weight: 14.007

  27. Selenium (Se) - Atomic Number: 34, Atomic Weight: 78.09

  28. Sulfur (S) - Atomic Number: 16, Atomic Weight: 32.066

  29. Oxygen (O) - Atomic Number: 8, Atomic Weight: 15.999

  30. Bromine (Br) - Atomic Number: 35, Atomic Weight: 79.904

  31. Chlorine (Cl) - Atomic Number: 17, Atomic Weight: 35.453

  32. Fluorine (F) - Atomic Number: 9, Atomic Weight: 18.998

  33. Krypton (Kr) - Atomic Number: 36, Atomic Weight: 84.80

  34. Argon (Ar) - Atomic Number: 18, Atomic Weight: 39.948

  35. Neon (Ne) - Atomic Number: 10, Atomic Weight: 20.180

  36. Helium (He) - Atomic Number: 2, Atomic Weight: 4.003

  37. Rubidium (Rb) - Atomic Number: 37, Atomic Weight: 84.468

  38. Strontium (Sr) - Atomic Number: 38, Atomic Weight: 87.62

  39. Yttrium (Y) - Atomic Number: 39, Atomic Weight: 88.906

  40. Zirconium (Zr) - Atomic Number: 40, Atomic Weight: 91.224

  41. Niobium (Nb) - Atomic Number: 41, Atomic Weight: 92.906

  42. Molybdenum (Mo) - Atomic Number: 42, Atomic Weight: 95.94

  43. Technetium (Tc) - Atomic Number: 43, Atomic Weight: 98.907

  44. Ruthenium (Ru) - Atomic Number: 44, Atomic Weight: 101.07

  45. Rhodium (Rh) - Atomic Number: 45, Atomic Weight: 102.906

  46. Palladium (Pd) - Atomic Number: 46, Atomic Weight: 106.42

  47. Silver (Ag) - Atomic Number: 47, Atomic Weight: 107.868

  48. Cadmium (Cd) - Atomic Number: 48, Atomic Weight: 112.411

  49. Indium (In) - Atomic Number: 49, Atomic Weight: 114.818

  50. Tin (Sn) - Atomic Number: 50, Atomic Weight: 118.71

  51. Antimony (Sb) - Atomic Number: 51, Atomic Weight: 121.760

  52. Tellurium (Te) - Atomic Number: 52, Atomic Weight: 127.6

  53. Iodine (I) - Atomic Number: 53, Atomic Weight: 126.904

  54. Xenon (Xe) - Atomic Number: 54, Atomic Weight: 131.29

  55. Cesium (Cs) - Atomic Number: 55, Atomic Weight: 132.905

  56. Barium (Ba) - Atomic Number: 56, Atomic Weight: 137.327

  57. Hafnium (Hf) - Atomic Number: 72, Atomic Weight: 178.49

  58. Tantalum (Ta) - Atomic Number: 73, Atomic Weight: 180.948

  59. Tungsten (W) - Atomic Number: 74, Atomic Weight: 183.85

  60. Rhenium (Re) - Atomic Number: 75, Atomic Weight: 186.207

  61. Osmium (Os) - Atomic Number: 76, Atomic Weight: 190.23

  62. Iridium (Ir) - Atomic Number: 77, Atomic Weight: 192.22

  63. Platinum (Pt) - Atomic Number: 78, Atomic Weight: 195.08

  64. Gold (Au) - Atomic Number: 79, Atomic Weight: 196.967

  65. Mercury (Hg) - Atomic Number: 80, Atomic Weight: 200.59

  66. Thallium (Tl) - Atomic Number: 81, Atomic Weight: 204.383

  67. Lead (Pb) - Atomic Number: 82, Atomic Weight: 207.2

  68. Bismuth (Bi) - Atomic Number: 83, Atomic Weight: 208.980

  69. Polonium (Po) - Atomic Number: 84, Atomic Weight: [208.982]

  70. Astatine (At) - Atomic Number: 85, Atomic Weight: 209.987

  71. Radon (Rn) - Atomic Number: 86, Atomic Weight: 222.018

  72. Francium (Fr) - Atomic Number: 87, Atomic Weight: 223.020

  73. Radium (Ra) - Atomic Number: 88, Atomic Weight: 226.025

Lanthanide and Actinide Series

Lanthanides (Elements 57-71)

  1. Lanthanum (La) - Atomic Number: 57, Atomic Weight: 138.906

  2. Cerium (Ce) - Atomic Number: 58, Atomic Weight: 140.115

  3. Praseodymium (Pr) - Atomic Number: 59, Atomic Weight: 140.908

  4. Neodymium (Nd) - Atomic Number: 60, Atomic Weight: 144.24

  5. Promethium (Pm) - Atomic Number: 61, Atomic Weight: 144.913

  6. Samarium (Sm) - Atomic Number: 62, Atomic Weight: 150.36

  7. Europium (Eu) - Atomic Number: 63, Atomic Weight: 151.966

  8. Gadolinium (Gd) - Atomic Number: 64, Atomic Weight: 157.25

  9. Terbium (Tb) - Atomic Number: 65, Atomic Weight: 158.925

  10. Dysprosium (Dy) - Atomic Number: 66, Atomic Weight: 162.50

  11. Holmium (Ho) - Atomic Number: 67, Atomic Weight: 164.930

  12. Erbium (Er) - Atomic Number: 68, Atomic Weight: 167.26

  13. Thulium (Tm) - Atomic Number: 69, Atomic Weight: 168.934

  14. Ytterbium (Yb) - Atomic Number: 70, Atomic Weight: 173.04

  15. Lutetium (Lu) - Atomic Number: 71, Atomic Weight: 174.967

Actinides (Elements 89-103)

  1. Actinium (Ac) - Atomic Number: 89, Atomic Weight: 227.028

  2. Thorium (Th) - Atomic Number: 90, Atomic Weight: 232.038

  3. Protactinium (Pa) - Atomic Number: 91, Atomic Weight: 231.036

  4. Uranium (U) - Atomic Number: 92, Atomic Weight: 238.029

  5. Neptunium (Np) - Atomic Number: 93, Atomic Weight: 237.048

  6. Plutonium (Pu) - Atomic Number: 94, Atomic Weight: 244.064

  7. Americium (Am) - Atomic Number: 95, Atomic Weight: 243.061

  8. Curium (Cm) - Atomic Number: 96, Atomic Weight: 247.070

  9. Berkelium (Bk) - Atomic Number: 97, Atomic Weight: 247.070

  10. Californium (Cf) - Atomic Number: 98, Atomic Weight: 251.080

  11. Einsteinium (Es) - Atomic Number: 99, Atomic Weight: [254]

  12. Fermium (Fm) - Atomic Number: 100, Atomic Weight: 257.095

  13. Mendelevium (Md) - Atomic Number: 101, Atomic Weight: 258.1

  14. Nobelium (No) - Atomic Number: 102, Atomic Weight: 259.101

  15. Lawrencium (Lr) - Atomic Number: 103, Atomic Weight: [262]

  16. Additional elements include:

    • Rutherfordium (Rf) - Atomic Number: 104, Atomic Weight: [261]

    • Dubnium (Db) - Atomic Number: 105, Atomic Weight: [262]

    • Seaborgium (Sg) - Atomic Number: 106, Atomic Weight: [266]

    • Bohrium (Bh) - Atomic Number: 107, Atomic Weight: [264]

    • Hassium (Hs) - Atomic Number: 108, Atomic Weight: [269]

    • Meitnerium (Mt) - Atomic Number: 109, Atomic Weight: [268]

    • Darmstadtium (Ds) - Atomic Number: 110, Atomic Weight: [269]

    • Roentgenium (Rg) - Atomic Number: 111, Atomic Weight: [272]

    • Copernicium (Cn) - Atomic Number: 112, Atomic Weight: [277]

    • Ununtrium (Uut) - Atomic Number: 113, Atomic Weight: unknown

    • Flerovium (Fl) - Atomic Number: 114, Atomic Weight: [289]

    • Ununpentium (Uup) - Atomic Number: 115, Atomic Weight: unknown

    • Livermorium (Lv) - Atomic Number: 116, Atomic Weight: [298]

    • Ununseptium (Uus) - Atomic Number: 117, Atomic Weight: unknown

    • Ununoctium (Uuo) - Atomic Number: 118, Atomic Weight: unknown

Classification of Elements

  • Alkali Metals: Highly reactive and have one electron in their outer shell.

  • Alkaline Earth Metals: Reactive and have two electrons in their outer shell.

  • Transition Metals: Elements found in groups 3–12 that are typically characterized by d-orbital electron filling.

  • Basic Metals: Elements that are considered good conductors of heat and electricity but are not as reactive as the alkali and alkaline earth metals.

  • Semimetals: Elements that have properties intermediate between metals and nonmetals.

  • Nonmetals: Elements that lack metallic properties, often found in gases or brittle solids.

  • Halogens: Reactive nonmetals that form salts when combined with metals, characterized by seven electrons in their outer shell.

  • Noble Gases: Nonreactive and colorless gases that have filled outer electron shells.

  • Lanthanides: Rare earth elements known for their high density and reactivity.

  • Actinides: Radioactive elements, some of which are used for nuclear energy and weapons.