BioStatistics

Cross Sectional Vs Lonigtudal

Cross sectional study: Happening in this moment in time

Cohort Study: Certain group of people

Case Control Study

Case Series: Interesting observation that may or may not be useful

Correlation is not causation

Convenience Study

Receptors are basicallyprotein. Intracellular protiens. Steroid protiens. Proteins are molecular switches and we design substrates to alter those switches. Kinases inhibit ATP binding. Nitrogen Mustards - Since DNA is double strand, so this drug will bind to both strands. Protein synthesis. Mustard(sulfur) gas - decreased the lymph nodes. Sulfur caused other reactions, so they switched the sulfur out with nitrogen. Nitroureas and alkylating agents also react with DNA.

ricin is a toxin and protein - from castor oil plant, this toxin innhibits ribosomes.

Lipids- anesthesia

Lipoproteins or Glycoprotiens

  • Example: Heterotrimeric: protein that is made of 3 subunits that have polyprotein. Alpha, - binds to gtp(activated) and gdp(deactivated), beta, and gamma. This interacts with the 7 transmemebrane domain. If you react it with detergent, it will more than likely wobble and dissolve.

  • Fatty acids need to have chains that are equal to each other

  • Lipases are esterases that break down fats. Diacylglycerol is a product of a lipase breaking

  • Inositol(trisphosphate) is a sugar embedded in the cell membrane. Phosphate groups pull on proteins, phospahte groups open and sometimes closes channels. Then a phosphatase comes in and removes the phosphate. Proteins are essentially machines.

  • Kinases is an area of active research.

  • Antimicrobial : Example: Protease inhibitors for HIV/AIDS which was announced in Dcemeebr 1996. Viruses are ginant molecules with nucleic acids that are coated by proteins. Viruses look like soccer balls.

  • Calcium can be very cytoxic depending on the concentration and this is why secondary messengers are needed.

  • Back in the day, antibiotics used to be very toxic.


Forces of Interaction in Drug Binding

  • Hyrdophobic Interactions

  • Dipole Interaction

  • Hydrogen Bonding is ike dipole except it involves hydrogens

  • Dispersion of van der waals: Noble gases can get into. he differences in charge Noble gases follow physiscs gas law

  • Induced Dipole-Induced Dipole and Dipole-Induced Dipole Forces. Polarizability,

  • If you move the atoms, the forces between the atoms will drop quickly. Have a scaffold that allows for the molecules to interact with the drug receptor as closely as possible.

  • How much energy will it take to sepearate the molecules can help measure atomic forces.

Hydrophobic Interactions

Charge Transfer/Coordinate Bonding

  • Heme: are like prosthetic groups for proteins. Coenzymes belongs to the larger group of prosthetics groups. They may also hold metal ions. If it is organic tha

Dipole

  • Dipole moments are veectorial cancel out. You can have a dipole that pulls forces against each other. Partial charges can interact with total charges

  • D= Ionic concentrations.

  • Tip: MAKE YOUR OWN BUFFER always.

Another tip: Read the history of ACE INHIBITORS

Another Tip: READ ABOUT KINASE INHIBITORS that are designed