Debate: The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb

Background of the Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb

  • August 6, 1945: A B-29 bomber takes off from Tinian Island for special bombing mission #13.
  • The Enola Gay is set to drop the first atomic bomb in history on Hiroshima.
  • Commander Tibbets instructs the crew to wear goggles for the flash.

Eyewitness Accounts of the Hiroshima Bombing

  • Ikuko Wakasa (5th grade girl, age 5 in 1945):
    • Describes the scene inside a government building with badly burned people.
    • Recalls her parents saying it was like being in hell.
  • Kiyoko Tsumiga (5th grade girl, age 5 in 1945):
    • Recounts seeing a badly burned man swell up and decompose, attracting flies and emitting a terrible smell.
    • Notes radiation sickness still causing deaths six years after the war.
    • Expresses hatred for atom bombs and wishes for peace amid new conflicts.
  • Keiko Sasaki (6th grade girl, age 6 in 1945):
    • Relates her grandmother's search for her mother in Hiroshima and the discovery of only her gold tooth and elbow bone.
    • Understood her mother's death three years later, in the second grade.
  • Hisato Itoh (11th grade boy, age 10 in 1945):
    • Describes the crushed buildings and the burned people with peeling skin, noting the difficulty in conveying the true horror.

Reactions of the Enola Gay Crew

  • The crew expressed awe and shock at the ruined city.
  • Some were temporarily blinded by the flash.
  • Crewman Caron exclaimed, "Holy Moses, what a mess."
  • Another crewman said, "My God, What have we done?"
  • One shouted, "The war's over!"
  • Another wondered if anyone could have survived.

Letter from a Crew Member to His Son

  • Written on August 6, 1945, 10 miles off the Japanese coast at 28,000 feet.
  • The letter explains the implications of a single plane being able to destroy a city with 15,000 tons of high explosive force, emphasizing the need for nations to coexist peacefully to avoid sneak attacks.
  • Regret tempered with hope that the weapon will prevent further wars, referencing Alfred Nobel's similar hope for high explosives.

The Man Who Made the Decision: Harry S Truman

  • Scenario: Imagine being the Vice President and suddenly becoming President upon FDR's death on April 12, 1945.
  • Truman's Background:
    • Boyhood on a farm in Jackson County, Missouri.
    • High school graduate, artillery officer in World War I.
    • Failed men's clothing business.
    • Political career in Kansas City, leading to the U.S. Senate in 1934 and 1940.
    • Recognition for war production investigation, leading to the Vice Presidential nomination in 1944.
  • Truman's Feelings:
    • Felt overwhelmed, like "the moon, the stars and all the planets had fallen on me."
  • He was unaware of the atomic bomb project, the most carefully guarded secret of World War II.
  • Truman faced the decision of if, when, and where to drop the atomic bomb with little knowledge of the project.
  • The text prompts considering the arguments for and against dropping the bomb to decide what you would have done.

Arguments For and Against Dropping the Atomic Bomb

  • Harry S Truman (President of the United States):
    • Took full responsibility for the decision.
    • Viewed the bomb as a military weapon to end the war.
    • Top military advisors and Churchill supported its use.
  • Fletcher Knebel and Charles W. Bailey (Journalists):
    • Suggest Truman never made an affirmative decision, but rather passively allowed it to happen.
    • Quote General Groves, likening Truman to "a little boy on a toboggan" who could only say no, which he never did.
  • Henry L. Stimson (Secretary of War):
    • Argued the bomb was used to end the war with the least cost in American lives.
    • Believed he would have been remiss not to use it, given its potential to save lives.
  • Admiral William D. Leahy (Advisor to President Truman):
    • Believed the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki was unnecessary.
    • Argued Japan was already defeated due to the sea blockade and conventional bombing.
    • Criticized the weapon as unethical and barbaric, comparing its use to the Dark Ages.
  • Dwight D. Eisenhower (Supreme Allied Commander in Europe):
    • Hoped the U.S. would never initiate the use of such a destructive weapon.
  • Winston Churchill (Prime Minister of Great Britain):
    • Stated there was no discussion at Potsdam about whether to use the bomb; the decision was unanimous and unquestioned.
  • Leslie R. Groves (General in charge of the Manhattan Project):
    • Praised Truman's courage and wisdom in continuing with the original plan, emphasizing the value of American lives saved.
  • General Carl Spaatz (Commander of the Strategic Air Forces):
    • Stated military men carry out orders without questioning them.
  • General Curtis LeMay (Commander of the 20th Air Force):
    • Believed Truman's decision saved lives by shortening the war.

Was Japan Fairly Warned and Given a Chance to Surrender?

  • Critics argue Truman failed to warn Japan specifically about the atomic bomb and did not allow a demonstration of its power.
  • Potsdam Declaration (July 26, 1945):
    • Called for Japan's unconditional surrender, warning of "prompt and utter destruction" as the alternative.
  • Henry L. Stimson (U.S. Secretary of War):
    • Stated that Premier Suzuki rejected the Potsdam ultimatum, leaving no alternative but to demonstrate its meaning.
  • Hanson W. Baldwin (Journalist and Author):
    • Argued that the Potsdam ultimatum was not a direct warning of the atomic bomb.
    • Suggested the U.S. could have found ways to demonstrate the weapon's power and that use of the bomb was rushed.
    • Contends that the U.S. should have given a more specific warning or demonstration; then its use would have been more justified.

Arguments Against a Harmless Demonstration

  • Henry L. Stimson (Secretary of War):
    • The Interim Committee recommended using the bomb without specific warning to ensure prompt surrender.
    • An advisory panel of atomic physicists saw no acceptable alternative to direct military use.
  • James F. Byrnes (Special Advisor to President Truman):
    • Feared warning Japan would lead to POWs being moved to the target area.
    • The static test in New Mexico was not conclusive proof the bomb would explode when dropped from a plane.
    • A failed demonstration would aid the Japanese militarists.
  • Ralph A. Bard (Undersecretary of the Navy):
    • Felt Japan should have a preliminary warning.
    • Hoped the Japanese would have made peace with a proper warning, and that Russia wouldn't have had to enter the war and receive concessions.
  • Arthur H. Compton (Scientist and Advisor to Truman):
    • The scientists were determined to find a way to demonstrate the bomb's power without loss of life.
    • No one could suggest a convincing demonstration that would stop the war.

Was Japan Already Defeated When the Atomic Bomb Was Dropped?

  • Critics argue the bomb was unnecessary because Japan was already defeated.
  • Admiral William D. Leahy:
    • Believed Japan was ready to surrender due to the sea blockade and conventional bombing.
  • Report of The United States Strategic Bombing Survey (1945):
    • Concluded Japan would have surrendered by December 31, 1945, and likely by November 1, 1945, even without the atomic bombs or Russian entry into the war.
  • General H. H. Arnold (Chief of the United States Air Corps):
    • Felt Japan was on the verge of collapse, but the abrupt surrender was a surprise.
  • Clement Attlee (Prime Minister of Great Britain):
    • Believed the decision was right, given the military's control in Japan and their willingness to fight to the last man.
  • Colonel Saburo Hayashi (Secretary to the Japanese War Minister):
    • Stated they were prepared for a decisive battle on the mainland and believed they could beat the Americans initially, but would eventually run out of supplies.
  • Karl Compton (Atomic Scientist and Advisor to the President):
    • Argued Japan would defend their homeland with fanaticism, making a terrible struggle inevitable.

Was the Atomic Bomb Actually Dropped to Impress the Soviet Union Rather Than Japan?

  • Some critics argue the bomb was used to demonstrate U.S. military power to the Soviet Union, which was seen as a growing threat.
  • Patrick Blackett (British Scientist and Writer):
    • Suggested the bombings were the first major operation of the Cold War with Russia, ensuring Japan surrendered only to American forces.
  • Len Giovannitti and Fred Freed (NBC Reporters and Authors):
    • Argued the Soviet Union was a consideration, but not the sole or primary reason for using the bomb.
  • James F. Byrnes (Special Advisor to President Truman):
    • Felt it was important to end the war before the Russians came in and hoped Japan would surrender before Russian entry.
  • Leo Szilard (Professor of Physics and a Leading Spokesman in Opposition to Dropping the Bomb):
    • Disagreed with the idea that possessing and demonstrating the bomb would make Russia more manageable and was dismayed when Byrnes became Secretary of State.

What Do You Think?

  • Was the bombing of Hiroshima necessary and justifiable?
  • What were the alternatives to dropping the atomic bomb?
  • If you had been President Truman, what decision would you have made?

The War in the Pacific

  • Japan aimed to avoid westernization by isolating itself, later needing to modernize and expand for resources in the 20th century.
  • Japanese nationalists sought to establish an empire in East Asia for resources, fueled by resentment from World War I.
  • Japan had been relegated to second-class status by the United States and Great Britain after WWI.
  • Japan began hostilities in Manchuria in 1931, invading eastern China in 1937 and committing atrocities like the Rape of Nanking.
  • Hideki Tojo aimed to create a "Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere" to dominate Asia/Pacific and expel Western powers for resources.
  • Japan's successes led to conflict with Western powers controlling territories in the Pacific, resulting in a U.S., British, and Dutch trade embargo in July 1941.
  • Tojo, then prime minister, believed the West intended to encircle and starve Japan, leading to heightened tensions.
  • Secretary of State Cordell Hull demanded Japan withdraw from China and Indo-China in September 1941.
  • Japan debated responses, and its Imperial Navy strengthened resolve by casting American demands as humiliating. Japan sent its army into Thailand, Malaya, Burma, and the East Indies while negotiating with the U.S.
  • The Japanese Navy set sail for Pearl Harbor on November 26, 1941, maintaining radio silence and using weather fronts for cover.
  • On December 7, 1941, 183 Japanese torpedo-bombers and dive-bombers attacked Pearl Harbor, using detailed models from spies.
  • Most U.S. naval personnel were ashore, and anti-aircraft defenses were unmanned due to the Sunday morning attack.
  • The attack began at 7:49 a.m., sinking much of the U.S. Pacific fleet within an hour.
  • President Roosevelt declared war on Japan, calling December 7 "a day that will live in infamy."
  • Japan swept through the western Pacific in the following months, capturing Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaya, Burma, Guam, Wake Islands, and the Dutch East Indies.
  • American/Filipino prisoners in the Philippines began the "Bataan Death March" in April 1942; Corregidor fell in May.
  • Japan secured its perimeter in the western Pacific, while the American fleet was largely destroyed, leaving only four aircraft carriers and an outpost at Midway.
  • The Battle of Midway in June 1942 marked a turning point when the U.S. broke Japanese radio codes.
  • U.S. forces were ready for the July 4 attack but faced a challenging battle, until luck intervened.
  • American bombers found the Japanese fleet refueling with planes on deck, causing massive explosions and fires, devastating the fleet within five minutes.
  • Japan was on the defensive after July 4, 1942, while the U.S. rebuilt its fleet and pushed back towards Japan resulting in island battles that included Iwo Jima and Okinawa in 1945.

Iwo Jima and Okinawa

  • Iwo Jima: In February/March, over 25,000 Americans were killed or wounded on the small island; nearly all 21,000 Japanese defenders died instead of surrendering.
  • Okinawa: The battle brought American troops within 400 miles of Japan, heavily fortified and defended by 120,000 Japanese troops, requiring explosives and flamethrowers to dislodge them from caves and bunkers. 12,000 Americans were killed, and 38,000 were wounded. Approximately 110,000 Japanese troops and 70,000-160,000 Okinawan civilians died.
  • Japanese leaders portrayed Okinawa as a strategy to lure U.S. forces closer to Japan.

Strategic Considerations

  • American war planners feared an invasion of Japan would result in many bloody battles of attrition all over the islands.
  • The Air Force believed Japan could be defeated through continued air bombardment, but General Douglas MacArthur supported a land invasion as the only way to force surrender.
  • Scientists in Los Alamos, New Mexico, were nearing completion of a new weapon, a culmination of the Manhattan Project, that could potentially end the war dramatically.

The Manhattan Project

  • The Manhattan Project was a massive research effort during World War II to develop atomic weapons, transforming fantasy into the reality of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

Origins

  • The project's genesis lies in the 1920s/1930s, with scientists including Niels Bohr and Albert Einstein researching atomic structure.
  • Einstein's formula E=mc2E=mc^2 revealed that splitting the atom's nucleus would release energy via fission.
  • Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann first split a uranium atom; Lise Meitner recognized that an uncontrolled fission chain reaction could cause an explosion.

The Role of Refugee Scientists

  • European physicists, fleeing Nazi persecution, including Leo Szilard, Edward Teller, and Enrico Fermi, came to the U.S.
  • Fearing that Adolf Hitler was developing atomic weapons, Szilard and other scientists urged Einstein to alert President Roosevelt.
  • Einstein wrote to Roosevelt in 1940; authorized $6,000 for initial research.

Organization and Management

  • In late 1941, the project was placed under the U.S. Office of Scientific Research and Development.
  • Responsibility for building labs and plants transferred to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' Manhattan District in New York City, under General Leslie Groves (Manhattan Project became the code name for the research/development across the U.S.).

Key Locations

  • Laboratories:
    • Columbia University.
    • University of Chicago.
    • University of California at Berkeley.
  • Nuclear fuel-processing plants:
    • Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
    • Hanford Engineer Works in Washington State.

Scientific Breakthrough

  • By June 1942, the nuclear chain reaction was still theoretical.
  • On December 2, 1942, Enrico Fermi's team achieved the first nuclear chain reaction at the University of Chicago.
  • The reaction lasted 28 minutes; the success fueled the effort to create an atomic bomb before Hitler.

Technical Challenges

  • Producing enough fissionable fuel was a major hurdle.
    • Separating fissionable uranium 235 from non-fissionable uranium 238 was difficult because uranium ore is mostly U-238.
    • Creating plutonium 239 from U-238 required substantial electricity and huge reactors.
  • Eventually, these problems were solved: enough U-235 was extracted for one bomb (Hiroshima), and the Hanford plant produced sufficient plutonium 239.

Los Alamos Laboratory

  • Located on a desert plateau near Santa Fe, New Mexico, led by J. Robert Oppenheimer.
  • Charged with transforming theory into a workable bomb.

Secrecy and Security

  • High-level secrecy was maintained: Monitoring of all mail and phone calls.
  • Restrictions: No bank accounts off base, school registration under false names, false names when leaving the base.
  • Tensions arose between military authorities and residents; morale was often low; scientists were dedicated, aiming to build the bomb before Hitler.

The End of the War in Europe

  • Germany's surrender in May 1945 reduced some pressure, but the Pacific war against Japan seemed endless; policymakers considered using atomic weapons.
  • In early summer 1945, with no working bomb, General Groves pushed scientists toward a test in time for the Potsdam Conference with President Harry Truman in July.

The Trinity Test

  • The first atomic bomb test (code-named Trinity) occurred on July 16, 1945, at Alamogordo, New Mexico.
  • The test was delayed due to weather concerns: Shift in wind could expose civilians to lethal fallout.

Witnessing the Explosion

  • New York Times reporter William Laurence described it as "a light not of this world, the light of many suns in one."
  • Oppenheimer quoted the Hindu epic: "I am become Death, The shatterer of worlds."

The Message to Potsdam

  • A coded telegram was sent to Secretary of War Stimson with Truman at Potsdam, confirming the success of the test and the readiness of the bomb for Hiroshima (Little Boy).

Legacy

  • The Manhattan Project, with its $2 billion cost, successfully created the atomic bomb.
  • The new president, Truman, now had to decide whether to use the bomb and assess its worth.

Diplomatic Scene in 1945

  • By summer 1945, Japan was near defeat:
    • Its navy was mostly sunk.
    • Remaining planes were used for kamikaze attacks.
    • Food/fuel were scarce.
    • Industrial base was ruined.
    • Harbors were mined.
    • American B-29s bombed Japan with minimal losses.
    • May 9-10, 1945: Raids over Tokyo caused 124,000 deaths.
  • Many of Truman's advisors believed Japan's defeat was assured and the use of atomic weapons were not necessary.
  • U.S. Air Force Chief of Staff Henry Arnold told Truman that the war would end in September/October, with or without an invasion of Japan.

Indications of Japanese Surrender

  • U.S. intelligence intercepted Japanese messages suggesting a desire to surrender.
  • Historians suggest that diplomatic miscalculations led to the use of nuclear weapons.
  • American Policymakers found muddled Japanese intentions:
    • Japanese leaders supported the war (even after the atomic bombs were dropped in August).
    • They believed the Soviet Union might join the war on Japan's side due to rising tension between the United States and the Soviets over the future of postwar Europe.
  • Moderate factions sought to end the war.
    Contacted embassies in Sweden, Switzerland, Portugal, and other countries, trying to find a go-between that would help them negotiate move favorable surrender terms.
    Backed the appointment of retired Admiral Kantaro Suzuki to head a new government formed in April 1945.
    Suzuki appointed like-minded officials to key government posts.

Obstacles to Japanese Surrender

  • The U.S. demanded unconditional surrender, which Japan found humiliating.
  • The fate of Emperor Hirohito was a major concern.
  • Block to Peace: Militarists preyed on fears that unconditional surrender meant the emperor would be deposed, tried as war criminal, or even executed.
  • Moderate officials: Moderates such as Suzuki had to pretend that they supported the war, since the Japanese generals might even have defied orders to lay down their arms.
  • Japanese intentions remained unclear to Truman and his advisors

Truman's Political Challenges

  • Some of Truman's advisers, including Secretary of War Henry Stimson, General George C. Marshall, and Chief of Staff William D. Leahy, urged him to reassure the Japanese that they could retain the emperor under terms of surrender.
  • Truman wanted to avoid any concession that would ease the efforts of the militarists in Japan.
  • Political Considerations:
    Saw Japan as a warlike nation that had to be crushed; American newspapers/radio commentators used "Hirohito must go!" to cause public opinion against Japan.
    Brutal treatment of 30,000 American POWs at the hands of the Japanese.
    Truman was a new president; the United States felt enormous pressure to "get tough" with an enemy.

Reluctance to Modify American Surrender Terms

  • Reluctance was evident in the Potsdam Declaration (July 1945).:
    Threatened Japan with "prompt and utter destruction."
    Called for the complete disarmament of Japan, American occupation, and trials for war criminals.
    No promise that they could retain the emperor.

Japanese Response to Declaration

  • The Japanese response to the Potsdam Declaration provides an interesting lesson in the difficulties of international diplomacy as officials had to utterly decline the terms of the declaration.
  • Suzuki (July 28) used the Japanese word - mokusatsu - to respond to the declaration.
    Mokusatsu: Has no single English meaning and had 2 possible definitions:
    Ignore or treat with silent contempt OR To withhold comment at this time (American Officials chose the first meaning)

Continued Efforts to End the War

  • Japanese diplomats met with the head of the Office of Strategic Services (the forerunner of the CIA) to clarify that Suzuki was trying to generate a compromise and then get a real response within a week.
  • It remains unclear whether the Japanese diplomats were stalling for time or trying to send a real message to the president.
    On August 2, just four days before Hiroshima, head of Office of Strategic Services met with president Truman to pass on this interpretation
    Truman, of course, appears to have ignored it; possibly for for political purposes.
  • Hirohito, intervened, urging the government to accept the terms of the Potsdam Declaration.
  • Government announced acceptance, depending upon it not prejudicing the power of His Majesty so a sovereign ruler.
  • Hirohito recorded a message discussing the surrender and his fears became reality since those who wanted to continue to fight broke into palace, destroying the message.
  • Troops foiled the plan and the broadcast was announced to a stunned and often tearful public.
  • American Planes continued bombing Japan with a 1,000 attack on Tokyo.
  • Until Truman announced Japanese acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration, he declared, "the ultimate form of the Government of Japan shall be established by the freely expressed will of the Japanese people."

The Destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

  • The Manhattan project was born out of the fear that the German scientists were developing nuclear weapons, being less concerned about Japan efforts since their lack in technology.

  • Japan concluded to be a strategic target after the defeat of Germany, being selected for a quick in to the war.

  • Opperheimer assembled a Target Committee to examine and assembled different Japanese targets:
    Possible Targets: Kyoto, Hiroshima, Yokohama, Niigata, and Kokura.
    Reason for choice: Size of city to demonstrate bomb effects and since they never been seriously taken out in bombing raids.
    Truman- Desired list to focus on military targets and it was approved.

  • Truman issued order to changed the history of the world on July 24 after issuing on July 25 to deliver one of the target cities as a special bombing mission with bomb dropping.

  • Special Bombs dubbed by little technicians on the islands to deliver the final blow for take off and load on to the bays of the B-29Bomber.

  • Crew did not know that it be lifted off since it was so heavy but the name gave the meaning (Enola Gay).

  • Target: Hiroshima- Air and warnings went off minutes later.
    Air raid sire- Residents thought it was not a threat since nothing happened with the other siren.
    Parachute- Saw something drifting but what not aware it was a atomic bomb.

  • Explosion took place at 8:16 at under 20,000 feet.
    25 millions bomb, heat from fire, ash and soot.
    Those who survived did not think they were lucky. Historians uncertain of Japanese response.

The Postwar Debate

  • American military commanders began devising plans for a massive land invasion of Japan in 1942.

  • With Germany's surrender in 1945, those intentions began to take effect and began a second phase titled Coronet.

  • The belief has been that Americans would have suffered loss and the assumption was that the American invasion forces felt they were going to have resistance.

  • America would agree that Winston church said invading forces would have to "quell the Japanese resistance man by man and conquer the country yard by yard."

  • In theory, it was to end the war life and save lives by bombing Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

  • Three questioned have debated:
    How many American lives would really have been lost in American invasion?
    Why did president seem to not use some advisers?
    Did Truman wanted to intimidated?

  • The Cost of Land Invasion.
    Truman estimates of casualty number seemed to be changed from 2000 to 2500.
    Estimate would contradict military estimates of adviser
    Estimates ranged from General Douglas MacArthur at 100,00.
    Of course, no know that never been fought to contradict that Truman may estimate casualties.

  • Opposition for Advisors
    Before Hiroshima, Trumans advised other user for a bomb.
    Truman, agreed but said that it not be better not show public not for it to effect society in the end.
    Intimidation of the Soviet Union?
    In 12 of April, President Rosevert was that the soviet and back the issue.
    There was a meeting of the president in war with secret meeting that he knew the truth of being president and the bomb.
    Truman, might know not about other in terms from soviet
    The goal was to make the force and give hope by the people
    His question has had many question that had ever been asked.

Hiroshima and Nagasaki: The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb in World War II:

Introduction:

  • The text introduces the context of the decision to drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
  • It notes that this decision took place amidst deliberation by political leaders, military officials, and scientists regarding the use of atomic energy.
  • The development of the atomic bomb ushered in a new era for humankind, with the potential for global destruction.

The Manhattan Project:

  • The U.S. entered World War II after the attack on Pearl Harbor, fighting a two-front war.
  • The U.S. sought help from the Soviet Union to end the Asian conflict.

The Atomic Project:

President Franklin D. Roosevelt created the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) in 1941 to develop new weapons.
Albert Einstein warned Roosevelt that German physicists aimed to harness atomic energy, and Roosevelt initiated the Manhattan Project.
The project was headed by General Leslie R. Groves, involving leading scientists from American and European universities.
Approximately 120,000 people worked on the project, costing two billion dollars across 37 research facilities.
Most employees were unaware of the project's purpose, with compartmentalization ensuring secrecy.

The Truman Administration and the Decision to Drop the Bomb

  • Harry S. Truman took over as President after Roosevelt's death in April 1945 and was unaware of the Manhattan project.
  • It refused anything less than Japan's unconditional surrender.
  • The joint Chief of Staff (JCS) directed General Douglas MacArthur to plan (code-named Olympic) with 400,00 troops on for amphibian landing to the southernmost Japanese islands(Kyushu). The invasion would result to Bloody and prolonged military, (intelligence) showed that the Japan's military was to fortified in the Japanese mainland.
  • Postwar diplomatic concerns- caused tension between Truman and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin of him failing to directly inform him about the a-bomb.
    There was future prospect of nuclear capability.
    The soviet Union would be able to create a atomic bomb in three to four years.
    It would make their position impossible during the war.
  • Scholars question the influence of using or how was going to drop the Atomb. What assumptions would happen to the a-bomb.
    *On May,31 the atomb was released a target once was prepared.
    The weapon and new bombs created cities in rubles during the Japan bombings
    Byre and the Scienfitic panel, would be greater, this cause the atomic force.

Atomic Scientists and the Decision to Drop the Bomb- created some humanitarian consquences.

  • Some did not agre and they had joined because of defensive and saw some new weapons.
    Not every one created there and for japan of german and for that they would destroy the us.
    When not there the focus shifted so and japan was shifted
    Szilard and Urey to convice burn the demonstration would the japan this woudl save life.
    James fromm sent the report 11 of june for warrrior and then after the miltary would be good idea to show for what was to come with new weapon
    But all of that and only that woudl bring some one the
    The war save both USA and Japan life after what would happen next, the would be some for the immanent the world.
    A nuclear freeze, the solution would be to put bomb the report scientists that we would would hear the point of view.

Key political and military leaders also spoke again the force.

  • Navy Under Secretary Bard what if there wasn't not attack, then the interim what about Bard then they had to do some with in a few, but was really a good choice. For then, he would say it was needed it would cause something with one. They wanted the new war would be over.

The Most Terrible Bomb-was not enough and that they did not show all and plan for what will be used next.

  • The test new OSRD what it was like after a bombing for some one 8 hours was really and in July they gave the test and for others that thought there was a response for the obligation for moral reason.
    *The petition Truman was over looked for what was on to do it was the order that given of to drop.