AS111 Introduction To Anatomy & Physiology powerpoint

Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Difference Between Anatomy and Physiology

  • Anatomy:

    • Definition: The FORM & STRUCTURE of the body and its parts.
    • Focuses on the physical components constituting the body.

  • Physiology:

    • Definition: How the body and its parts WORK (FUNCTION).
    • Investigates the functions and processes of the body systems and structures.

How We Study Anatomy

  • Macroscopic Anatomy:

    • Description: Body parts large enough to see with the naked eye.
    • Also known as: “Gross Anatomy.”

  • Microscopic Anatomy:

    • Description: Body parts too small to see with the naked eye.
    • Focuses on cellular and tissue-level structures.

  • Systemic Anatomy:

    • Description: Deals with systems of the body and their interrelations.
    • Systems include distinct organ systems that function cooperatively.

Systemic Anatomy

  • Integumentary System:

    • Main Components: Skin, hair, nails, hooves.

  • Skeletal System:

    • Main Components: Bones, joints.

  • Muscular System:

    • Main Components: Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.

  • Cardiovascular System:

    • Main Components: Heart and blood vessels.

  • Nervous System:

    • Main Components: Central nervous system & peripheral nerves.

  • Respiratory System:

    • Main Components: Lungs & air passageways.

  • Digestive System:

    • Main Components: Gastrointestinal tube & accessory digestive organs.

  • Reproductive System:

    • Main Components: Male and Female reproductive structures.

  • Urinary System:

    • Main Components: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra.

  • Special Senses System:

    • Main Components: Organs of hearing, seeing, tasting, smelling.

  • Endocrine System:

    • Main Components: Hormones, glands, and other organs including prostaglandins.

Anatomical Terminology

Anatomical Directions

  • Left:

    • Refers to the left side of the body.

  • Right:

    • Refers to the right side of the body.

  • Dorsal:

    • Refers to the back side of the body.

  • Ventral:

    • Refers to the belly side of the body.

  • Cranial:

    • Refers to the head or skull region.

  • Caudal:

    • Refers to the tail end of the body.

  • Rostral:

    • Refers to structures closer to the nose or mouth.

  • Proximal:

    • Refers to parts of a limb that are closer to the body trunk.

  • Distal:

    • Refers to parts of a limb that are farther away from the body trunk.

  • Medial:

    • Refers to structures closer to the midline of the body.

  • Lateral:

    • Refers to structures further from the midline of the body.
Anatomical Practices

  • Dorsal/Ventral Practices:

    • Questions:
    1. Is the shoulder dorsal or ventral to the withers?
    2. Is the rump on the dorsal or ventral aspect?
    3. Is the belly on the dorsal or ventral aspect?
    4. Are the withers on the dorsal or ventral aspect?

  • Cranial/Caudal Practices:

    • Questions:
    1. Is the rump cranial or caudal to the withers?
    2. Is the tail cranial or caudal to the rump?
    3. Are the withers cranial or caudal to the rump?

  • Proximal/Distal Practices:

    • Questions:
    1. Is the carpus proximal or distal to the elbow?
    2. Is the stifle proximal or distal to the tarsus?
    3. Is the tarsus proximal or distal to the thigh?

Anatomical Planes

  • Sagittal Plane:

    • Definition: Divides the body into left and right parts but not always equally.

  • Midsagittal Plane (Median Plane):

    • Definition: Divides the body into equal left and right halves.

  • Dorsal Plane:

    • Definition: Parallel to the back of the body.

  • Transverse Plane:

    • Definition: Perpendicular to the long axis of the body. This plane divides the body into cranial and caudal parts and can be referred to in regions such as head, neck, trunk, and tail.