Social-Emotional Development Across the Lifespan

Ecological Systems Theory - describe the different parts of our environment which all are connected when looked at as a whole

Microsystem - what we interact with on a daily basis directly to shape who we are

Mesosystem - interactions btw and within the microsystems and make and impact on eachother

Exosystem - other factors which are not a direct impact/interaction with/on us

Macrosystem - impact of culture, norms, and the values people have or are supposed to have

Chronosystem - the change that occurs in the environment throughout life. Our reaction to the following changes depends on the other systems which shape us.

Attachment (Ainsworth) - children need to feel safe to explore their environment 

Authoritarian Parenting (Baumrind) - complete obedience, punishment, keep child in place, respect for work, order, structure, restrict free-will, whatever parent says happens; Results - anxious, withdrawn, unhappy, Lack resilience (girl gives up, boys - hostile), do well in school, no harmful behavior

Authoritative Parenting - explain rules, conversations, reasonable restrictions, standards for future, use reason and power and reinforcement, ok to make mistakes; results- lively, happy, self-efficacy (belief in abilities, emotional regulations, social skills), sensitivity in boys, impedance in girls

Permissive Parenting - no punishment, not a lot of responsibilities, parent is friend, reason and manipulation; Results- rebellious, low emotion regulation, low resilience, antisocial (harm)

Neglectful Parenting - parents who don’t give their children attention

Secure Attachment - preferred (66%), parent there- child explores freely, engages w stranger, sad when parent leaves, happy to see parent back

Insecure Attachment - feeling when child feels that mother is not responding

Avoidant Attachment - avoid parent, upset when parent leaves, treats stranger same as parent, explores

Anxious Attachment - scared when mother leaves, need validation, dependent on mother

Disorganized Attachment - not in original findings, wandering, confusion, freezing, signs of abuse

Strange Situation Ainsworth - Mom leaves and stranger comes in

Separation Anxiety - distress from not being with mother or anyone in general 

Stranger Anxiety - strong relationship with caregiver and know difference btw strange and familiar people

Basic Trust - people and world is reliable 

Temperament - natural personality traits, includes mood, and behavior

Self-Concept - idea of one-self and own beliefs

Parallel Play- children play on own and don’t interact 

Pretend Play - children use imagination to play (pre-operational stage)

Adolescence  - time in life where major development occurs and figuring out one self

Imaginary Audience - during adolescence when they think that everyone is talking/looking/thinking about them

Personal Fable - teenagers think nothing can happen to them

Social Clock - milestone in life that should take place at specific ages (are getting pushed back)

Emerging Adulthood- lots of change in job, home and relationships which result in instability, focus on oneself, multiple opportunities

Psychosocial Stages of Development - Erik Erikson take on development

Trust and Mistrust - 0- 1 ½ (Hope) infant goes to caregiver for stability/ consistency leads to security; mistrust- inconsistent leads to bad relationships and anxiety

Autonomy and Shame and Doubt - 1 ½ - 3 (Will); more mobility, independence, discover own skills and abilities, explore, encouragement (more confidence to survive); if criticized can lead to shame/doubt

Initiative and Guilt - 3-5 (purpose); interaction with peers, play, make up games, initiate, more opportunities(good decision-making skills); criticism - guilt and lack initiative, ask lots of questions

Industry and Inferiority  - 5-12 (competence)- more independence, teachers influence more, peers impact self-esteem; encouragement- confidence; restricted - inferiority, self doubt (some failure is needed to be  modest)

Identity and Role Confusion - 12-18 (fidelity) - become adults; fidelity - faithfulness; more independence, body image change, want to fit in, experiment life styles, may have identity crisis

Intimacy and Isolation - 18-40 (love) relating intimately, explore comfortable long-term relationships, 

Intimacy - looking for love and future partner to spend life with

Generativity and Stagnation- 40-65 (care) - settle down (family, career); raise children, productive at work, success; failure→ mid-life crisis

Integrity and Despair - 65-end (wisdom)- less responsibilities, contemplate achievements; integrity - successful life; guilt - unproductive, depression, hopelessness

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) - serious trauma: experience/witness violence, drug/alcohol abuse; imprisoned family member; suicidal behavior from family/friends; homelessness, hunger, poverty, discrimination - happens before the age of 18(CDC)

Identity - trying to figure out who oneself is in this world 

Social Identity - self-concept influences how they act, feel, think

Achievement (of Identity) - commitment to values

Diffusion (of Identity) - apathy, disinterest, unwilling to commit (no clear direction/commitment)

Foreclosure (of Identity) - basing identity on others (parents/peers), no exploration, commitment. Negative Identity - know what they are not

Moratorium (of Identity) - begin exploring, no commitment, temporary