AP BIO Notes

Macromolecules in AP Biology Unit 1

  1. Carbohydrates

    • Background: Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (C, H, O).

    • Function: Provide energy and structural support.

    • Different Structures: Simple sugars (monosaccharides) vs. complex carbs (polysaccharides) can serve as quick energy sources or structural components (e.g., cellulose in plants).

  2. Proteins

    • Background: Made of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

    • Function: Catalyze reactions (enzymes), transport, and structural roles.

    • Different Structures: Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures determine function; e.g., hemoglobin vs. collagen.

  3. Lipids

    • Background: Hydrophobic molecules, including fats, oils, and steroids.

    • Function: Energy storage, membrane structure, signaling.

    • Different Structures: Saturated vs. unsaturated fats affect fluidity and function in membranes.

  4. Nucleic Acids

    • Background: DNA and RNA made of nucleotides.

    • Function: Store and transmit genetic information.

    • Different Structures: DNA's double helix vs. RNA's single strand allows for diverse functions in protein synthesis and regulation.