The Reformation
Before: the catholic church was strong, ruling, and the only church other than the orthodox which had less influence
By 1500s - the catholic church was involved in politics and lots of wealth
Curroption of the Church
Simony - buying and selling of church offices
It was not to the most experience, it was the one who had money
Nepotism - appointing church offices by connections
indulgences - people were offered to buy salvation or help their loved ones from purgatory
preached by Johann Tetzel and Albert of Hohenzollern
The great Schism- 3 popes at the same time were trying to excommunicate achother.
Clergy men often didn’t follow their rules
Problems facing the church
Anticlerciism - people disrepscted clergy
one reason is that the black death killed many and clerics didn’t act right
Pietism - direct relationship with God than rather the connection through the church heiarchies
Martin Luther
Erasmus is considered the one who laid the egg and luther who hatched it
Findings Against Catholic church
As he studied the Bible, he realized that salvation by faith alone not works or bought
He also believed that scriptures alone are the authority
Bible does not talk about heirachies but talks about Priest Hood of all beleviers
95 Thesis -
Critizied Chruch Leaders
Called for Reform
Posted on the Wittenburg Church
Just to spark a discussion
spread because of the Printing press and everyone agreed
Debate- he had a debate with Eck
Diet of WOrms
He was called a heretic by pope Leo X and Charles V (emperor holy roman epite)- reject accepted beliefs
forced to recant (take back) his beelifs but he refused
he was Excommunicated
He then went under the hiding of Fredrick III
princes helped him because they wanted to weaken the Popes Power
Princes in the Holy Roman Empire
Reforms in church
Free frm Catholic Church
Reduced sacraments
Allowed priest marriage
Bible authority
Social consequences
German Peasants Revolt of 1525
peasants believed that luthers word would help them but this was not true and he didn’t show mercy to peasatns
Other Reformers
In the past
John Wycliffe - lollard
He questioned church wealth and indulgences
Jan Hus - led a revolt and said the Bible had authority not the church
They were killed and their ideas unsuccessful
Why was Luther Sucessful
Thanks to the printing press. the reformation spread a lot faster
Pamphlets, bibles, books
He preaches in Vernacular (common language)
The bible was printed in vernacular language
The people saw that the Bible was different than catholic interpretations
supported by people who wanted to lower the power of the pope.
many lands were under the churches power. princes were eager to take it back
Spread of Radical Reformation
as it spread, it led to different doctrines
John Calvin
He disagreed with luther on some
Doctrine of Calvinsim
Predestination - God choose already who would be save
Elect - those who are destined will not lose salvation and they desired salvation
Faith = Salvation → good works
unlike the catholic where good works was needed
Wealth Acculmilation - use to care
Calvins Geneva
Theocracy - the bible was the law
had to attend church 5 days a week etc.
He also benefited from the Printing Press. his book
instutudes of the Christian REligion - has a doctrine order
Spread - treated the Heugenotes, Puritans, Prespitarians
Anabaptists
Doctrines
Did not agree with infant baptism
Absolute separation from Church and State - no wars for them
Zwingli
Brougbt the swiss reformation in 1519
denied all sacraments,
called for social reform
Anglican and Puritan
More political than Religious
Henry VIII Story
Henry VIII was orignaially supportive of the church and even named “defender of the faith”
He coudln’t have a male hair with Catherine of Aragon who was catholic from spain,
He asked for a divorce and annulment.
The pope wouldn't recognize
He fell in love with Anne Boleyn
Henry decided to take authority in his own hands and started Reformation Parliment
and married and had a daughter Elizabeth Tudor.
He then went with another wife Jane Seymour
Then he passed the Act of Supremacy making him the head of the new Angican Church.
Angican Church
was basically catholic without the Pope.
Monarchs
Edward VI - tried to make it protestant
Mary Tudor - ruled later and was catholic and killed protestants “Bloody mary”
Elizabeth brought it back to protestantism
Wars of Religion
French Wars o Religion
THey were a pure catholic country till the reformation where Heugenotes (protesants) started to rise.
50% of Nobles were calvinists
Charles IX - 1560 “Catherine De Medici”
He was a young ruler so Catherine De Medici bacially ruled.
She wanted to get rid of Protestantism
to make sure the nobles are same religion so they can follow political power
To reduce the power of the nobles
Massacre of Vassay - 1562
members of Catholic Geese family stormed service
1572 - St Bartholemews Day Massacre
Charles the 9th Sister married Henry of Navarre who was a heugenot.
At the Wedding Catherine de Medici organized a massacre of the heugenots who attended.
The massacre spread across France
Henry was spared cause he promised to turn catholic
In the Massacre of Hugenots, it potrays the event as an example of divine retribution (revenge), because as it was sponsored by the Pope, with the support of the royal power, it will not criticise royal power but instead justify it.
War of the Three Henrys 1587
Henry the III - catholic “not catholic enough
King at that time, Support of Catherine de Medici
Unpopular King
Henry of Navare (Bourbon)
Heugenote, and Bourbon Family
Henry of Guise
catholic. Wanted only catholicism
Henry III and Guise, were assassinated
Henry IV or of Navarre
He won.
Edict of Nantes 1598 - religious toleration, allowed heugenotes but made catholicism the official religion
Holy Roman Empire
Peace of Augsburg 1555 - individual rulers in the Holy Roman Empire can decide lutheran or Catholic
Passed by Charles V Holy Roman Empire Emperor.
after the schmalkadic wars 1540s which was chaarltges vs protestants
To maintain power of the state and prevent conflict
did not include Calvinists
30 Years War
Fredrick I - calvinist who challenged Catholic Absolutism of Ferdinand II 1618, he was also elected as king by bohemian calvinist
Ferdinand II (Spain and holy Roman)- was the Empereror at that time
shut down Lutheran churches (edict of resitution)
Defrenestration of Prague - the protestants got angry and threw officials out window’
Bohemian Phase 1618-1625
small localized war in Bohemia, Between Protestant Union and Catholic League
Ferdinand II (with wallenstein) beat Fredrick I at Battle of White Mountain
reestablished catholicism
Danish Phase 1625-1630
King of Denmark Joined the Protestants. Was defeated
Transational War
Sweish Phase 1630-1635
Became a European War
King Gustavus Aldophus - of sweden. - absolutist
Extremely Smart War Tactic.
Won Battles for Protestants
Cardinal Richelou of France funded the protestant cause
in order to weaken the Hagsburg (rulers of Spain and Holy Roman Empire).
Religous → Political War
French Phase 1635-1648
French entered without caring about Protestant or Catholic. THey just wanted to weaken the Catholic Hagsburg
Peace of Westphalia 1648
ended the 30 years war
ended all religious wars
allowed calvisinism
Holy Roman Emperor power Down and Individual States Up
End of Universal Christendom
Prussian power
Catholic/Counter Reformation
It was a response to criticism
“clean up house” - they wanted to regain people and clean up.
Roman Inquisition - by pope paul III
authority to arrest Heretics
What ever they could do to keep power
Index of Probihited Books
Probhited books from reformers
Counsil of Trent 1545-1563
they wanted to reform the church
They cleaned up corruption: suppressed simony and forbade indulgences.
Reafirmed Doctrine
Pope Authroity, sacraments.
Permanent sepreation of churches
New Religous Orders
Carmelite Order - Founded by Thereesa of Avila \
Jesuits - Ignatious of Loyola
for spiritual renewal
vows of poverty
Missionaries: brought catholicism to Japan, India, North America, Africa and home
Society and Politics
Social Heirachies - defined a persons social status based on: class, religion, gender,
Before: social status was determined at birth.
During this time: merchants were now becoming wealthy despite low land ownership
Still: owning land gave more rights
English Parliment: Upperhouse was for the landowners, and lowerhouse was for those without land, despite being rich
Religion: people had to follow the state church
The Spanish Inquistion - expelled all jews, Muslims in 15th century
Gender: Patriarchy - the male dominated society.
Women were excluded from economic and political interests
Charles the I of england “family heiarchy is essential for my rule”
in Rural Households - the separation was less
Urban - did more of the nuclear family
Querelle des Femmes - the women Question.
fit to receive education?
bible “eve led humans to sin”
Women could become nuns
Anabaptists let women become preists
Increased population bc of urbanization
Political
the government had to make laws for public morals cause of the lowering in catholic aturhoity and more urbanization
Tried to promote weddings
Reduce Carnival festival radicalism “upside down”
Stocks and Flogging - ways to control and himulate people
Leasuire
more started to attend Blood Sports
Saints Day -
Witchcraft Craze - witchcraft was a pactr to the devil
Witchhunt occurred
Mostly women were captured
THey were blamed for disease and stuff
Mannerism and Baroque Art
Mannerism - art formed of distorted figures, musculartures, vibrate
deep emotion, drama
The last Judgfment - Michealangelo
Baroque -
highly emotional, very detailed, dramatic, ornate
started during the catholic reformation (1545)
Used to appeal the people back to Catholic
Sign of wealth
Peter Paul rubens -