Note
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Social Sciences
Change/Revolution/Turning Points
Geography
Belief Systems
Golden Ages and Classical Civilizations
Education + Money + Centralized government = Golden Age
Political Systems
Important Political Documents
Each document sets a precedent!!!!!!!
Economic Systems
Social Systems
Movement of People/Goods
Science and Technology
Diversity and Human Rights
AP World 1 Slideshows and Some Unit Overviews
TP01(World of the Ancients)
Egypt:
Geographic top 3:
Nile
Desert
Mediterranean
The nile routinely overflowed, leaving behind large amount of fertile silt on its banks that farmers would use for their crops
Didn’t begin to organize until 3900 BCE because irrigation was so easy that they didn’t need to be organized to farm
Pharaohs and their wives were sometimes portrayed as gods themselves
Re- Supreme sun god, pharaohs were children of Re
Falcon is sacred
3 phases of development:
Original unified Egypt:
Rulers combined the crowns of upper and lower Egypt when they unified in 3100 BCE
Captured by nomadic people known as the Hyksos who had an advantage on horseback
New Kingdom:
1550-1170 BCE
Formed when Egyptian nobles pushed out the Hyksos
Expanded a lot
Eventually fell to the Assyrians who had iron
Middle Kingdom:
Benefited from the invasions because they now had iron metallurgy
They believed in the afterlife and mummified the dead
They believed that Anubis weighs the souls to see if they could pass to the afterlife
Used hieroglyphics as their writing system
The sun was extremely important
Mesopotamia:
“Crossroads of Culture”, very centralized location with no natural barriers caused them to be constantly conquered and a lot of cultural diffusion occurred
Lack of resources caused a need for trade
The winding and different effects of the river along its banks created city-states
The violence of the rivers made them believe that their gods were constantly punishing them
Sumeria was established after 5000 BCE
City-states
Very patriarchal
Constant warring
Used bronze and iron metallurgy
Polytheistic, afterlife is a horrible place
Ziggurats (temples?)
Cuneiform was their system of writing
Influenced by Indo-Europeans
Akkadians, 2300’s BCE: first empire (professional army, more powerful because they didn’t have jobs outside of the army and practiced full time), Sargon
Babylonians, 2000-1500 BCE: Hammurabi’s Code, writing, astronomy, calendars (12 mo.), math (60 min/sec)
Assyrians, 1000-612 BCE: iron, math, science, libraries
Phoenicians: Mediterranean colonization (1200-800 BCE), cultural diffusion (alphabet), maritime tech, long distance sea travel
India:
Geo Top 3:
Rivers
Monsoons
Size of the continent
Originally settled in the Indus river valley
No written language that we can decipher
Size and diversity in geography makes it hard to unite
Barley, wheat, peas, cotton
Indus river valley collapses in 1900 BCE because it is overworked
At the same time, the Aryans invade and the Vedic age begins
The Aryans were Indo-European warriors
They worshiped the warrior god Indra
Vedic Age - 1500-500:
Aryans conquered Dravidians and resettled by the Ganges river, forced the Dravidians to settle by the deccan Plateau
The Ghats block most of the Monsoon winds from the Deccan Plateau
Sanskrit- writing system
Racism- The lighter skinned aryans put themselves on top of the social class and often mistreated the darker-skinned Dravidians
China:
Geo Top 3 -
Desert
Mountains
Rivers
“Middle Kingdom on Earth”, very ethnocentric
Terrace farming
Xia Dynasty:
2000-1500 BCE?
1st to control the Huang He through irrigation
No written records
Historians aren’t completely sure if they even exist
Theocratic
Shang Dynasty:
1766-1122 BCE?
Bronze metallurgy
Size is a challenge
Had a writing system
Oracle bones
Ancestor worship
Harmony of the Universe - balancing yin and yang
Zhou Dynasty:
1122-771 BCE
Mandate of Heaven- A dynasty’s success can be judged by how many years they were in power, mandate can be taken away
Standardized coin
Iron metallurgy
Limited free thought
Building of the Great Wall of China begins
Decentralized
Local Feudal lords rule but owe allegiance to ruler
They lose the mandate of heaven in 711 BCE
The 1st warring states period begins in 221 BCE
Sub-Saharan Africa
The bantu people were nomadic and practiced slash and burn agriculture because the savannah was too try and arid for long-term agriculture with the tech that they had
The several climate belts made it harder for them to unify
Their constant migrations allowed their culture to spread to and influence the culture of all other groups living in sub-saharan africa
Lack of settled location + lack of river civ = lack of “centralized” government
Family is basic “unit” of society- all members live & work together (kin-based)
No elaborate centralized hierarchy of government: Council of Elders made major decisions for society (matrilineal)
Oral traditions & stories reflect moral values
1000 CE - iron metallurgy was discovered, most likely from traveling near the nile at some point
Causes of iron - population increases, more substantial farming, warfare between tribes
Followed animism
Oceania:
Small islands in the Ring of Fire
Australia and New Guinea - populated 60,000 years ago, isolated from rest of the world until early modern era
Hunters, gatherers, foragers, traders
People came from SE Asian peninsula
People in New Guinea learned to farm, but people in Australia didn’t have to
Used double-hulled canoes and wayfaring navigation to travel between islands
Didn’t have contact with other civilizations for long time, so nothing really changed
Mesoamerica:
Olmec:
1200 - 400 BCE
Irrigation for agriculture
Large scale architecture
Polytheistic
Calendar
No writing
Basis for later civilizations
Maya:
200 BCE - 800 CE
Terrace farming
Theocratic city-states
Polytheistic
Achievements in astronomy and math
Currency
Pictographic writing system
Overall, very isolated and not a lot of new ideas, many civilizations just kept reusing the same things
TP02(Classical):
India:
Mauryan empire:
321 BCE - 185 BCE
Lots of influence from other civilizations
Chandragupta’s rule:
Centralized empire, divided into provinces for administration, law enforcement, roads, postal system, irrigation systems, capital
Arthashastra- absolute power, great evil in society is anarchy, secret police, secular
Asoka’s rule:
Disgusted by death and converts to Buddhism in262, Battle of Kalinga, rule by example
Roads, taxes, trade, banks
Created law codes, rock edicts, buddhist principles found within the laws
220 BCE -320 CE - divided into many empires, turmoil
Gupta empire:
Golden age, 320 -647 CE
Hindu revival, adopted ahimsa and used “pop culture” to repopularize
Chandra Gupta and Chandra Gupa II
International trade!!
Strict caste system enforced, guilds/jati added
System of loans and banking
Elected local leaders helped to maintain power at local levels in a council type of system
Decline left India ununified for centuries
China:
Qin dynasty:
221-210 BCE
Conquered warring feudal lords ending the 1st Warring States Period
Qin Shi Huangdi
Legalist rule- super centralized, military expansion, book burning
Built large section of Great Wall, barrier against “barbarians” in the North
Standardized measurements,writing and coin, unifying
Repaired roads, canals
Thousands died and others were so unhappy that right after Qin Shi Huangdi died, they revolted
Han dynasty:
206 BCE - 220 CE
Liu Bang(originally a commoner) started it
Centralized land, lowered taxes, lessened punishments
Rule through Confucian principles-follow your proper role in society, lead by example, education, not punishment is the answer, respect elders
Big emphasis on family
Emperor Wudi, 141-87 BCE:
Collected taxes for public works, military expansion(tributary states, public schools
Civil service system - Bureaucrats based upon merit, not birth, confucian scholar-gentry, highly educated
Women seen in a position of subservience
Iron metallurgy, porcelain, paper
Silk road trade!!!!!!, eventual cause of downfall because they overspent and overexpanded onto the silk road
Han pt1 fall - Food and tax shortages, decentralization of gov’t, social class contention, Wang Mang: redistributed land unsuccessfully (9-23 c.e.)
Han pt2 fall - 184 c.e. Yellow Turban uprising, warlords take control, ideas shift (Confucian 🡪 Daoist & Buddhist)
Persia:
558 BCE - 651 CE
Largest Empire of it’s time
Central location, helped them conquer
Achaemenids-
Cyrus the Great
Pastoral Shepard who conquered Neo-Babylonians
Very tolerant
Outlawed slavery
Diversity!!!!, contribute to greater good
Darius the Great
Expansion
Standardized coins and laws
Divided empire into 23 satrapies with local governors, helped keep control of large empire as each satrapie had different laws to adapt to their culture,“Kings eyes and ears” - spies, Royal Road, Qanats, Tolerance
Lots of cultural diffusion and selective borrowing
Persian War:
500-479 BCE
Anatolian Greek city-states forced to accept Persian rule, pay tax tribute
Darius I attacks Greece 490, defeated at Battle of Marathon
Xerxes invades in 480 at Thermopylae, traps Greek army, destroys Athens
Persians defeated in 479 by Greek navy (Athens)
331 BCE, Alexander the Great invades Asia Minor, burns Persepolis
Seleucids:
323 - 247 BCE
Alexander the Great
Lost land, Unpopular, Persecuted Zoroastrians, Corruption led to end, “The Hated”
Parthians:
247 BCE - 224 CE
Iranian semi-nomads lead a revolt against Greek rule, led to decentralized control = “THE DECENTRALIZED”
Resurgence of Zoroastrianism
Sassanids:
224 - 651 CE
Greatest organized leadership since Achaemenids
Capital city at Ctesiphon
Popularized Zoroastrianism by making it state sponsored 🡪 persecution of all “minority” religions
Most hated of all dynasties due to intolerance (esp. Jews, Christians, & Buddhists)
Overthrown by Islamic Bedouins
“THE ELITIST/INTOLERANT = DOWNFALL”
Greece:
In 2200 BCE, Indo-Europeans migrated to the Balkan Peninsula
Minoa:
1600 BCE
Success through trade, Linear A and Linear B
Mycenae:
1500-1100 BCE
Ruled Eastern Mediterranean
Brutish conquerors, settled in city-states
Around 1200 BCE was the Trojan War, it fueled conflict between city-states and set off the dark age in Greece, Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey
City-states had regular festivals dedicated to a specific god or goddess, olympics also
trade of wines, olive oils, grains (commercial organization)
Slavery common (pay debt, use skills)
Patriarchal (though women could run businesses)
Expanded colonies in Med. 700-500 BCE
Each city state had its own form of government, ex: monarchy, oligarchy, republic…
Sparta:
Militaristic, founded on Peloponnesus (benefit from location 🡪 conquered helots [servant foreigners])
Spartans were taught absolute obedience to authority (little-no say in government)
Social classes determined by prowess, discipline, talent
Helots(slaves) provide agricultural labor
females trained bodies to produce healthy warrior-sons, given more rights to fight & be in public
No freedom/wealth to travel, trade (anti-foreigner)
Athens
Democratic (Assembly)
Draco, 621 BCE- Draconian Law, very unforgiving
Solon, 594 BCE- promoted social equalities: canceled owed debts, outlawed slavery of Athenian citizens, opened gov't jobs to more citizens, citizenship to foreign tradesmen, encouraged exporting of Athenian goods
Only male citizens could vote and citizenship was restricted, wasn’t so free
Age of Pericles - Athenian Golden age
Pericles was considered to be a significant leader of the Athenian assembly
Helped Athens when it was dealing with a lot (Persian war)
Created the idea for Greek navy (Delian League) and imperialistic policies
Extra money from navy, pocketed by athens, causes golden age
Persian Wars
490 - 479 BCE
Darius invades Greece (tension w/ Ionic Greeks)
Athenians defeat Persians at Marathon- 490 BCE
Athens emerges as most powerful city-state
Delian league forms
Peloponnesian War
Delian League Vs. Peloponnesian League (Athens Vs. Sparta)
Sparta could not be attacked, 1/3 of Athenian pop. wiped out
Sparta captures Athens, ending Athenian greatness
Rome:
The Latins founded rome and were influenced by Etruscans(roads, walls, military), Carthingians(naval), and Greeks
Rome begins to offer citizenship to all surrounding people and begin expanding
Early Roman Republic:
Wealthy landowning- patricians
Remaining(farmers, city workers)- plebeians
Only Patricians could be heads of state (Consuls), or in the Senate
1st Punic War: 264- 241 BCE, Rome and Carthage fight over Sicily, Rome copies Carthages ships to create a navy and wins
2nd Punic War: 218-201 BCE, Hannibal leads an army over the alps to attack Rome, doesn’t win but burns all of Rome’s farms
3rd Punic War: 149-146, Rome outright attacks Cartridge, solidifies Rome as main power in the Mediterranean, “Mare Nostrum”
Rome expands further using citizenship offers and strong professional military(Legions, helmuts, throwing pilums, gladius sword, chest plate, shield, scorpio, crossbow, catapult)
Originally, Rome tolerated the monotheistic practice of jews, but zealot revolts (over issue of emperor’s divinity) in 66 CE resulted in their persecution
Rome then saw all monotheistic religions as a threat, crucified jesus, and started the Diaspora by 70 CE expelling all monotheists from Rome
Eventually Rome is impressed by martyrs who are willing to die for their beliefs, 313 - Edict of Milan passed by Constantine (First Christian Emperor), 380- Christianity becomes the state religion, 438- Theodosian Code
TP03(Post-Classical):
Byzantine:
Capital at Constantinople: Natural harbor, crossroad between Europe and Asia, Bosporus strait- chokepoint, lots of trade and prosperity
Greco-Roman
Tradition of Caesaropapism (starting with Constantine)
Justinian:
527-565 CE
Autocrat- sole authority, supported by bureaucrats
Recovered western lands that Rome lost to Germanic tribes, stretched the Empire to surround the Mediterranean
tried to restore greatness of Rome (architecture, mosaic religious art), educational centers/services offered studying Greek classics
head of Byzantine Church & “Christ’s co-ruler on Earth”
Unified empire under christianity
Theodora:
Justinian’s wife
Helped him rule, also helped him stop revolts and rebuild after them
Women’s rights
Justinian’s code:
Based upon old Roman laws, written in Greek, preserved Roman & Greek ideas of Justice (Greco-Roman)
served as a model for Western Civilization
Church Schism:
Split in the Church, Roman Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox
Emperor Leo 111 (726) ordered that all religious icons (Holy pictures used for worship) be covered or destroyed - creates tension between Emperor & Pope
Pope excommunicated the Emperor & eventually crowned a new one in 800- Charlemagne
Disagreement over who is more powerful: Emperor or Pope
Theme system - divided empire into themes (administrative provinces), each theme was led by a military general responsible for administration and defense
Theme system empowered generals to challenge gov, more decentralized
Eventually fell to Ottoman Turks
Preserved classical knowledge and passed it to islamic communities
Russia:
First to develop - Kiev on the Dnieper River
Slavs - groups of nomads from eastern europe who settled in southern russia, no political org.,
867🡪 886: Eastern Orthodox church races to convert Slavs to Orthodoxy, Russian orthodoxy
Slavs greatly influenced by Byzantine empire through trade along the Dniper river, Christianity, Written Language- Cyrillic, Autocratic rule
Dar al Islam:
Muhammad - merchant, holy prophet of Allah, the only prophet who received a full revelation (acknowledges other prophets)
Muhammad preached Islam to people in Mecca angering local rulers because they took it as if he was attacking and undermining them when he said that greed is wrong
Hijra: fled Mecca for Yathrib (later changed to Medina) in 622 CE
Returned in 630 with an army of umma, conquered Mecca.
632 CE: Death of Muhammad; Muslim control of Arabia, election of 1st Caliph (successor to Muhammad)
Sunni - believed caliphs should be chosen by the Muslim community(PRIMARILY FOLLOWED)
Shiite (Shia) - believed caliphs should be descendants of Muhammad
Spread through Jihad & camel caravan trade of Bedouin peoples:
East- to india
West- to north africa & spain
North- to S. France, Afghanistan
South- Africa & S. Arabia
no successor to Muhammad- Abu Bakr named Caliph, builds a Caliphate (empire,) spreads Islam
Islam spread fast because the Byzantine and Sasanid empires were weak, use of camels and horses, trans-Saharan trade routes, mostly treated conquered people well (They could convert to Islam, pay Jizya tax, become a slave, or die)
unification: Sharia law, Arabic, Qu’ran, singular money & banking, roads improved
Umayyad Empire:
661 - 750 CE
Relatives of the slain Uthman (3rd Caliph), Sunni, wealthy merchants & military officials
Iberian peninsula taken in 711, then stopped at the battle of Tours 732
other ethnic groups treated like second-class citizens
Capital at Damascus, Syria.
Trade, roads improved & encouraged for conquest
Abbasid Empire:
750 - 1258 CE
Abu al-Abbas, founder & relative of Muhammad Gained support of non-Arabic Shia but openly identified as Sunni.
Capital at Baghdad (Iraq): “city of peace, gift of Allah, heaven on Earth”
Used monetary, banking (sakk), & postal systems, central administration (ulama, qadis),
Independent Muslim states branched off:
1. Fatimid dynasty- Mamluk Turks, N. Africa
2. Seljuk Turks- created title of ‘Sultan’ & captured Jerusalem, 1050 & invasions of Byzantium
Africa:
Natural resources are important!!!!!
Camels allow for trans-saharan trade and trading kingdoms
Kingdom of Ghana:
4-5th century
Farming villages (beans, melons, grains, GOLD)
gold traded across the Sahara for salt (to prevent dehydration!!)
Islam slowly entered through trans-Saharan trade 🡪 king 🡪 language 🡪 architecture (Kumbi Saleh-capital)
Huge army, well-trained cavalry
Women important in government
Mali:
1200 - 1450
West Africa, ruled by Mansas (Sundiata- epic founder)
Mansa Musa, 1312:
Practiced Islam, used Quran as basis for justice
made hajj to Mecca (created further demand for African gold)
Timbuktu- one example of a major trading center, city of learning
Islam dominates culture
Songhai:
1450 - 1600
strong army controls trade routes
Largest state in West Africa
Muslim Dynasty
Mediterranean & Red seas very important to access
IOB 🡪 Asian trade with eastern coasts (Swahili culture)
Mansa Musa’s Hajj spread knowledge of African goods into North & East; brought back modern ideas to Africa (science, math, arts, Arabic culture)
Slavery: result of warfare/conquering - chattel slavery(became a global concept, led to revolts ex: Zanj)
IOB Trade:
Syncretism
Caused by:
IOB trade winds, monsoons - longer stay, incorporation into culture & society
Improved technology - lateen sails, dhows (later junks, magnetic compass)
Demand for foreign goods
Effects:
Ethnic exchange - Swahili culture/language
Adoption of religious/political ideas - wealth of merchants associated with power/success, Islam
Selective borrowing - Sufi movement; role of African Muslim women
East Africa:
Axum - 360 Ethiopia, Christian peoples found success through trade with Egypt & Mediterranean, virtually alone in an Islamic dominated region
Swahili - 8th century, Bantu fishing villages develop connections with Arabic merchants, Bantu/Arabic language, conversion to Islam
Highly developed social classes over time - initial converts were upper class elites
1331 🡪 Ibn Battuta writes about wealth, gov't, & trade (gold, ivory, slaves)
Sharia law was interpreted differently - women were more equal than in Arabia
Southwest Asia:
Helped spread Islam further and port cities became essential to later IOB trade
South Asia
Both Hindu (Chola & Vijayanagar) & Islamic kingdoms (Sind, Mahmud of Ghazni, Delhi Sultanate) provide economic wealth, political & religious leadership through IOB trade & attempted political/religious organization
Lack of organized political governments led to the urgency of need for large scale irrigation in the south (reservoirs, canals, dams, tunnels, etc.)
Emporia & port cities essential to IOB trade
Urbanization & guilds develop (textiles, metal production, etc.)
Southeast Asia
Indian influences thru trade - Hindu, Buddhist, Sanskrit (6th cent) then Islam (12th cent)
Buddhism (North) Islam (South)
Economic success (trade) & religious organization (selectively borrowing) leads to centralization of power:
Funan (100-500): Mekong valley, port city, Hindu
Srivijaya (670-1025): Sumatra & Malay peninsula,port city, Buddhist, control strait of Melaka
Angkor (889-1431): Cambodia, Buddhism
Melaka (15th cent): pirated the regions, eventually convert to Islam
China:
Sui:
589-618
Compulsory jobs (irrigation, palaces, canals, walls), high taxes, military conscription, meritorious bureaucracy
trade (regional & international- champa rice introduced and spread)
equal field system
Mandate of Heaven
Not unified religiously, Buddhism introduced, silk road brings religions of salvation, confucian principles
Tang:
618-907
Golden age
Tributary states (Vietnam, Tibet, Korea), conquered pay tribute (cultural diffusion)
Civil Service System, Confucian philosophy
equal field system- land redistributed to peasants (for more tax money and to limit power of upper classes)
Improved Sui transport/trade networks & travel support
Series of foreign invasions/uprisings after 763
water wheels, pumps, terracing techniques, urbanization, specialization (guilds,) market economy, paper money (capitalism), alchemy, woodblock printing
Song:
960 - 1279
Golden Age
Achievement over organization/expansion
Lack of military - loss of land
Suffered from overspending
international commercial markets (IOB, junks,magnetic compass)
steel/iron production for bridges, pagodas, tools, weapons
credit, paper money
Zen Buddhism
Foot binding(women were seen as “less”)
Vietnam:
Adopts Chinese irrigation, confucianism, trade in Chinese markets, buddhism (same as China)
Women had prominent social/economic roles (different than china)
Korea:
Silla dynasty unites in 668
Civil Service System,capital(Kumsong), confucianism (same as China)
Bureaucracy controlled by rich aristocrats, fake merit bureaucracy (different than china)
Koryo Dynasty
Zen Buddhism, landscape painting, woodblock printing
Choson dynasty:
1392 - 1910
system of writing(hangul)
Confucianism
Became a “hermit state”- blocked themselves off from other cultures
Cultural land bridge, lots of cultural diffusion to Japan
Japan:
Mountainous archipelago, little to no natural resources - no development, powerful families
Didn’t centralize until they got the idea from the Tang dynasty and one family tried to gain power
Shinto
Selective borrowing
Prince Shotoku Taishi
574-622 CE
Yamato region
Consolidated power, Merit-based bureaucracy, Adopted Chinese construction styles, Influx of Buddhism, wood-block printing.
Taika reforms 646- land/tax collection under gov't ownership, not feudal lords
Nara Japan
710 - 794
Tang influence- equal field system, confucian/buddhist support
Bureaucracy, not confucian because they saw that korea was corrupt
Nara: capital city
Yamato family claims divinity
Henian Japan
794 - 1185
While Emperor a symbol of authority (Yamato), Fujiwara clan is true power figure (beginnings of Shogun-type rule)
Use of Chinese as formal language
Literary, artistic, poetic achievements (ex: Tale of Genji, Murasaki Shikibu; Pillow Book, Sei Shonagon)
Golden Age of Japan
Feudal Age
Kamakura Period - 1185-1333
Muromachi Period 1336-1573
Minamoto win civil war over Taira and claim the right to rule in the name/honor of Yamato Emperor as Shogun
Emperor is a figurehead in society, symbols of authority
unrefined lifestyle illustrated by clan rivalry and use of militaristic rule
Decentralized authority, military dictatorship
Samurai code of honor - Bushido
Western Europe-Middle Ages:
Middle ages - 500-1050, caused by fall of the Roman empire
Germanic tribes invaded from the north, caused by movement of the White Huns, carved up western europe into kingdoms
Holy Roman Empire:
Franks conquered Gaul under Clovis in 481
Clovis needed to legitimize his power so he converted to christianity (precedent of christianity) which gave him the support of the people and the church, made him more like old roman emperors
Charles Martel - Carolingian dynasty, protector of Christian kingdom (precedent of protecting christendom), stops the Muslims at the Battle of Tours, 732 CE
Charlemagne - crowned king of Holy Roman Empire in 800 by the pope (precedent of being crowned by Pope), charged with uniting and expanding christian Europe, promoted education and learning, preserved classical knowledge
When Charlemagne died, empire was divided amongst his grandsons by the Treaty of Verdun, 843
New Holy Roman Empire began when Duke Otto of Saxony was crowned in 962
He reunites most of Charlemagne’s Empire (defeats Magyars), saved the Pope from Italian revolts
Lay investiture - since Emperors gave land to the church, they claimed right to choose bishops, that gives the emperor power to sway things within the church, pope didn’t want that and claims the right, led to tensions, excommunication of the Emperor, and eventual removal of the Pope
Concordat of Worms - treaty signed in 1122 by the pope and emperor, only pope can appoint bishops, emperors give bishops land
HRE was too scattered, power hungry and focused more on expanding their power rather than building an organized nation-state (like England, France, & Spain), led to decline
Feudalism
After Rome fell - dark ages- people flock to wealthy landowners for protection from viking and nomadic attacks, formed self sufficient manors
Vikings were main reason for feudalism
Central governments were either gone or too weak to do anything - regional lords provided gov. And protection
Lack of protection on the road - halt of trade, cultural diffusion, vernacular languages develop, public works deteriorate, agricultural society, no cities, no money/currency
Agriculture - crop rotation, heavy plow, horseshoe, horse collar, water mills
Church become the only source of information and sanity(preserved classical knowledge), blindly followed
Canon Law - Church law to be followed by all:
Tax required from all Christians in order to support needs of the local church
Church controlled about 1/3 of the
land in Western Europe.Wanted to curb heresies - Dominican & Franciscans
Veneration of Saints, use of relics, pilgrimages
Everything was devoted to life after death
St. Benedict:
Obedience
Poverty
Chastity
Monks and nuns spread christianity and education, provided guidance
Jews in Medieval Europe blamed for death of jesus, black plague, scapegoats in general, all jews expelled from England in 1290
Western Europe-High Middle Ages:
Effects of Crusades:
Power of regional monarchs increased (they fought with the people and protected then instead of just sending them to die)
Age of exploration
Trade increased
Hatred between religions
Commercial Revolution
Towns, banks, insurance, education, guilds
Joint stock companies (BEIC, VOC)
Port cities became centers of wealth
Monarchs increased their power through establishing bureaucracy, collecting taxes, creating strong armies and law enforcement
William the Conqueror:
Duke of Normandy
Defeated Anglo-Saxon leader at battle of Hastings, 1066, establishes England
French spoken in England
Created future land disputes in France
Domesday Book - record of all taxable items, tax collection efficiency
Magna Carta, Parliament
Capetians - 987 - 1328, won throne through election, made throne hereditary, began building the state of France
Mongols:
Central Asian nomadic warriors
Horsemen, archers, superior weapons, siege tactics(cannons/rockets,covered siege towers), biological warfare, short bows, terrain mapping, fake retreat, killed all aristocrats
Unified in 1206 by Genhis Khan:
Demanded absolute loyalty, brutally killed anyone in his way
Ruled conquered lands with tolerance and justice, appreciated fine arts and craftsmanship, encouraged diversity
After his death, empire was divided into 4 khanates, Ogedei became Great Khan
Golden Horde:
Began conquering Russia, Poland, Hungary around 1236
Left russian princes to rule regionally and just pay tribute
Never fully occupied because they had to turn around in 1240 because of Ogedei’s death
2 losses:
Ilkanate defeated by Muslim Mamluk Turks in Palestine, 1260
Never made it to Japan because of weather conditions
Pax Mongolica
“Mongol Peace”
Charged tribute rather than killing, built empire with brutality, ruled peacefully
Tolerated local beliefs, ways of life, allowed local rulers to stay in power as long as they paid tribute to Mongols
Some Mongols adopted aspects of more “civilized cultures”
Trade: (Silk Road): Guarded trade routes across Asia, allowed trade to increase; people, goods, ideas flowed across Asia
Plague spread from Asia to Europe
Renaissance:
trade across Asia - new ideas got to Middle East from South and East Asia
new economic opportunities, interest in foreign goods, travel, trade (ie: Marco Polo)
Kubalai Khan:
Created Yuan Dynasty in China in 1271
United China for first time in 300 years
Ruled conquered lands with tolerance and justice:
appreciated fine arts, & other religions (Buddhism, Daoism), craftsmanship
found favor among minorities
Encouraged diversity & trade
TP04(Early Modern):
Products from each region
India- Wheat, Barley, peas, cotton, textiles, gems, spices, pearls, ivory
China - Silk, Jade, rice, porcelain, cinnamon, ginger
Africa - Sorghum, yams, millet
Oceania - sugar cane, bamboo, yam, banana, coconut, pig, dog, chicken, rat
Mesoamerica - maize, squash, tomato, avocado
SE Asia - spices
Rome - glass, jewels, art, perfumes, bronze, wool, linen, iron, oil, wine, gold, silver
Greece - wines, olives, oils, grains
AP World 1 Final Review Slideshows
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