BC

Untitled Flashcards Set

  1. Classical conditioning is the idea that you can change responses to a neutral stimulus (like a bell) by pairing it with another (unconditioned) stimulus.

  2. Structuralism/Introspection & Behaviorism

    1. Structuralism/Introspection- The idea of thinking ab how you think observe your own mind see whats going on there.

      1. Problems: differs from person to person, difficult to objectify , not all mental processes are conscious.

    2. Behaviorism - Observing a person or animal’s mental processes through behavioral output to try to predict and control behavior.

      1. Problems: (eg. “I Hate You Mommy) Can’t account for many behaviors that aren’t reenforced.

  3. B.F Skinner - the psychologist associated with the idea that “Complex behaviors arise from simpler behaviors being reinforced”.

  4. Cognitive Map - The mental process/ cognitive function associated with navigating a maze.

  5. Key features of the Information-Processing Approach?

    1. Occurs in series of stages.

    2. Use observable responses to make inferences ab how the mind works.

  6. (…)

  7. Neuroplasticity - Brain’s ability to change and adapt in response to an experience.

    1. Ex. of neuroplasticity: Learning a new language, cats raise in vertical lines space lost the ability to detect horizontal lines.

  8. Axons - The part of the brain that primarily makes up white matter.

    1. Cell bodys & dendrites - Grey matter

  9. Cajal’s Neuron Doctrine

    1. Individual neurons are the basic building blocks of the brain.

    2. There are small gaps called synapses between one neuron’s axon and another neurons dendrites/cell body.

    3. Connections between specific neurons form interconnected neural circuits.

  10. Rate or frequency of firing is the aspect of neural firing that changes depending on the intensity of a stimulus.

  11. Neurotransmitters - Associated with the chemical signals neurons use to “talk to each other” across the synapse.

    1. Ex. Dopamine

  12. Action Potential - Associated with electrical impulses that travel down the axon of one neuron to transmit signals to neighboring neurons.

  13. What is meant by localization of function in the brain?

    1. Different parts of the brain specialize in different functions)

    2. Ex. dedicated to hearing like an HR department or accounting department.

  14. Double Dissociation - Damage to one area to the brain causes one function to work while another works fine and vice versa.

    1. Ex. Being unable to see but hearing in un-impaired.

  15. How structural and functional connectivity relate/differ from each other: 1. Structural connectivity - The physical and structural connectivity of the brain 2. Functional connectivity - connections within the brain that work together without being physically connected. 3. Can have function connectivity without a lot of structual but not he opposite.

  16. Prosopagnosia - Face blindness cause mostly by fusiform face area.

  17. Label parts of a neuron. 👇

  1. Default Mode - The functional network that becomes active when the brain is at rest.

  2. Two challenges that the perceptual system has to deal with:

    1. Objects can be hidden or blurred.

    2. Projected images can be ambiguous.

    3. Objects can look different from different viewpoints.

    4. Scenes can contain a high-level of information.

  3. What is at the “top” of the perceptual system (i.e. in “top-down” processing).

    1. Top = Brain processing → Environment

      1. Ex. Seeing a blob and seeing a mans leg causing you to decide the blob must be a shoe.

  4. What is at the “bottom” of the perceptual system (i.e., in “bottom-up” processing).

    1. Bottom-up = Environment → Brain processing

      1. Ex.

  5. The two concepts associated with Bayesian Inference.

    1. Prior probability of an outcome

    2. Likelihood of an outcome

  6. Viewpoint invariance - The concept associated with the fact that we can recognize an object from different angles.

  7. The Inverse Projection Problem - The concept associated with the fact that an infinite number of different objects can project the same image on the retina.

  8. Parietal Lobe - The part of the brain that helps you locate an object in space.

    1. Dorsal pathway/ where pathway

  9. Gestalt Principles - Argued we have innate ways/laws of perceiving and understanding things.

    1. Principal of Similarity

    2. Principal of Closure

    3. Principal of Good continuation

    4. Principal of Simplicity

    5. Principal of Proximity

    6. Principal of Common Region

    7. Principal of Common Fate

    8. Principal of Multi-stability

  10. Selective Attention - The ability to attend to one thing while ignoring others.

  11. What differentiates an early selection model from a late selection model of attention?

    1. The stage at which information is filtered

    2. Ex. early selected model → Intermediate selection model → Late selection model

  12. Types of stimuli that, according to Treisman, would have the lowest threshold of activation.

    1. Words (Ex. name)

  13. Covert Attention - Attention without eye movements.

  14. Why is the ability to detect unattended information (e.g., your name) is problematic for Broadbent’s model of early selection and how Treisman’s attenuator model solves it.

    1. Most of the time we ignore information but if it’s important enough it gets through.

  15. Inattention blindness - Not noticing something you should be able to notice because you aren't paying attention.

  16. bottom-up vs. top-down attention. 1. Bottom-up attention - Grabbed up by the environment 2. Top-down attention - Directed by internal goals/knowledge/expectations

  17. The difference between low and high load.

    1. Low load - Light perceptual task

    2. High load - Hight perceptual task

  18. What is meant by processing capacity and perceptual load in Lavie’s Load Theory of Attention.

    1. How many resources we have left to process something in any given moment.