Carbon compounds

Organic compounds ALL contain carbon

Carbon is a unique element having 4 valence electrons which will covalently bond to other atoms

As living organisms, we depend on the compounds they form with other elements, including hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, and nitrogen

Even more importantly, carbon easily bonds with other carbon atoms creating chains that are almost limitless

  • These chains of carbon atoms are what create MACROMOLECULES

MACROMOLECULES

Known as macromolecules because of their large size

Are formed by smaller molecules (known as Monomers) to build polymers (bigger molecules)

4 MAJOR GROUPS 9 THESE ARE YOUR MARCOS

CARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS, NUCLEIC ACIDS, PROTIENS

1.CARBOHYDRATES CHO 1:2:1

  • Ex: sugar, starch, cellulose

  • Are used to store and release energy and for structual support & protection

MONOSACHARIDES (Monomers)

  • Glucose - a sugar our cells need for energy

  • Galactose - found in milk the arrangement is different

  • Fructose - sweetest sugar found in fruits

DISACCHARIDES ( double sugars)

  • Sucrose (common table sugar) Condensation reactions or dehydration synthesis reacting, looses/ releases water

POLYSACCHARIDES Big sugars (complex carbs)

ANIMALS

  • Glycogen - stores excess sugar in animals

  • Glucogan - made up of many connected glucose molecules

PLANTS

  • Starch - stores excess sugar for plants

  • Cellulose - tough sugar that gives plant strength (cell wall)

DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS REACTIONS

  • relealses water in the process

  • Takes smaller substances and converts them into something larger

HYDROLYSIS REACTIONS

  • water is used to brakes the bonds of larger molecules

  1. LIPIDS ( C,H, and O atoms only ) (very few O )

Fats, oils, butters, waxes

Large nonpolar molecules, not soluble in water

Are used to store energy

Make up very important biological membranes ( cell membranes ) and waterproof coverings

Steriod hormones like testisterone are made of lipids

SATURATED FATTY ACIDS

  • Form single bonds between carbon atoms

  • At room temperature, are solid

UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS

  • Form double bonds between carbon atoms

  • At room temperature are liquid

  1. NUCLEIC ACIDS (C,H,O,N & P ATOMS) CHONP

DNA and RNA

Store and transmit genetic information

Formed by nucleotides (monomers)

  • Each nucleotide contains

  1. 5-carbon sugar ( either Deoxyribose or Ribose - depending if DNA or RNA)

  2. Phosphate group

  3. Nitrogen base

4.PROTIENS (C,H,O, AND N ATOMS SOMETIMES S ) CHONS

Formed by amino acids (monomers)

FUCTIONS OF PROTIEN

  • Enable the body to communicate and interact with(Hormones)

  • Some function to control the rate of chemical reactions within the body (Enzymes)

  • Some form important cellular strcuters (Muscles)

  • Some substances transport into or out of the cell to help fight disease (Antibodies)

PEPTIDE BONDING IN PROTIENS

  • As amino acids are linked together through covalent bonds, peptide bonds are formed

  • Each time an amino acid is added, a water molecule is released as the bond forms ( Dehydration synthesis)

CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND ENZYMES

  • Chemistry not only makes up life, but it is also what life does

  • Chemical reactions are a process that changes one compound or compounds into another

REACTANTS: the elements or compounds that engage the reaction

PRODUCT : the elements or compounds that are produced in the reaction

In ALL chemical reactions, one of two things MUST happen

  1. Energy is released ( these reactions occur on their own) Or

  2. Energy is absorbed ( these reactions require an energy source)

ACTIVATION ENERGY

  • the energy that is needed to get a reaction started

  • Energy is reaquired no matter if the reaction is an energy releasing or energy storing reaction

The role of ENZYMES in reactions

  • Enzymes are NOT used up (can be used over and over again)

  • without enzymes reactions occur too slow to carry on life

  • Enzymes are natures catalysts and are almost always proteins

  • Enzymes are REACTION SPECIFIC because they fit ( remember protien shape is SO important) into specific parts of a reaction

ENZYMES- SUBSTRATE COMPLEX

Active site: a site where reactants can be brought together

Substrate: the reactants of a chemical reaction that has an enzyme available

  • The fit is very precise (Lock and key)

  • without the enzyme (key) the reaction that has cannot occur quickly enough

The important shape of the enzyme is very sensatitive to changes in pH & temperature.

  • If either of them changes one way or another, the shape of the enzyme changes and the key no longer fits the lock preventing the reaction from occurring (denaturing the enzyme)