HomeConfederacy (CSA) :: Formed in February 1861 by 11 Southern states after secession; capital was Richmond; fought to protect slavery and states’ rights. Lincoln's First Inaugural Address (1861) :: Lincoln said secession was illegal, promised not to interfere with slavery where it existed, and aimed to preserve the Union peacefully. Border States :: Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware; slave states that stayed in the Union and were strategically important. North vs South (1861) :: North had ~22 million people, industry, and factories; South had ~9 million people and relied on agriculture and slavery. Conscription (1862 CSA / 1863 USA) :: First national draft in U.S. history used when volunteer numbers dropped. Substitution :: Allowed wealthy men to pay others to fight in their place during the draft. Habeas Corpus Suspension (1861–1863) :: Lincoln suspended legal protection requiring trial before imprisonment during wartime. Union Blockade (Anaconda Plan) :: Naval blockade of Southern ports (1861–1865) that cut off trade and weakened Confederacy. Industrial Advantage :: North had ~90% of factories and weapons production compared to the South. Railroads :: North had far more railroads (~22,000 miles vs ~9,000), allowing faster troop movement. Revenue Act of 1862 :: First federal income tax used to fund the Civil War. Greenbacks (1862) :: Union paper money not backed by gold; caused moderate inflation. Greybacks :: Confederate money that became nearly worthless due to inflation. Jay Cooke :: Banker who sold large amounts of Union war bonds. Cotton Diplomacy :: Confederate strategy expecting Britain and France to support them due to cotton dependence. Trent Affair (1861) :: U.S. captured Confederate diplomats from a British ship, nearly causing war with Britain. Ironclads (1862) :: Armored warships (USS Monitor vs CSS Virginia) that changed naval warfare. Robert E. Lee :: Commander of Confederate Army of Northern Virginia. Ulysses S. Grant :: Union general who led successful campaigns like Vicksburg and Appomattox. William T. Sherman :: Union general known for “March to the Sea” and total war tactics. Scorched Earth Policy :: Strategy of destroying enemy supplies, railroads, and farmland. Scott’s Anaconda Plan :: Union strategy to blockade South and split it along the Mississippi River. Telegraph :: Communication system that allowed fast military messaging during war. Appomattox Court House (1865) :: Location where Lee surrendered to Grant, ending the Civil War. Enrollment Act of 1863 :: Union draft law allowing substitutions; caused protests in Northern cities. New York Draft Riots (1863) :: Violent protests against the draft; over 100 killed. Emancipation Proclamation (1863) :: Freed enslaved people in Confederate states still in rebellion. Copperheads :: Northern Democrats who opposed the war and wanted peace with the South. Merryman Case (1861) :: Challenged Lincoln’s suspension of habeas corpus. Vallandigham Case (1863) :: Anti-war politician arrested and exiled for criticizing Lincoln. Milligan Case (1866) :: Supreme Court ruled civilians cannot be tried in military courts if civil courts are open. Election of 1864 :: Lincoln (National Union Party) defeated McClellan; voters chose continuation of war. Freedmen’s Bureau (1865) :: Government agency helping freed slaves with food, jobs, and education. 10% Plan (1863) :: Lincoln’s Reconstruction plan allowing Southern states back after 10% loyalty oath. Wade-Davis Bill (1864) :: Radical Republican plan requiring majority loyalty oath; Lincoln vetoed it. 13th Amendment (1865) :: Abolished slavery in the United States. Civil Rights Act of 1866 :: Gave citizenship and equal rights to all born in the U.S. 14th Amendment (1868) :: Guaranteed citizenship and equal protection under the law. 15th Amendment (1870) :: Gave Black men the right to vote. Andrew Johnson :: President after Lincoln; opposed Radical Republicans and favored lenient Reconstruction. Radical Republicans :: Group led by Thaddeus Stevens that wanted strict Reconstruction and Black rights. Military Reconstruction Acts (1867–68) :: Divided South into military districts controlled by Union Army. Tenure of Office Act (1867) :: Required Senate approval to remove cabinet officials. Impeachment of Andrew Johnson (1868) :: First presidential impeachment; he was not removed from office. Black Codes (1865–1866) :: Southern laws restricting freedom and labor of freed African Americans. Sharecropping :: Farming system where workers gave a share of crops for land use, often causing debt. Carpetbaggers :: Northerners who moved South after the war for opportunity. Scalawags :: Southern whites who supported Reconstruction governments. Ku Klux Klan (KKK, 1865) :: White supremacist group using violence and terror against Black Americans. Colfax Massacre (1873) :: Over 100 Black Americans killed during election violence in Louisiana. Mississippi Plan (1875) :: Use of violence and intimidation to regain white Democratic control. Force Acts (1870–71) :: Federal laws used to stop KKK violence and protect Black voters. Jim Crow Laws :: Laws enforcing racial segregation in the South. Civil Rights Act of 1875 :: Banned segregation in public places; later weakened by courts. Election of 1876 :: Disputed election between Hayes and Tilden. Compromise of 1877 :: Hayes becomes president; federal troops leave South, ending Reconstruction. Redeemers :: Southern Democrats who regained control after Reconstruction. Bourbon Democrats :: Conservative Southern Democrats supporting segregation and limited government. Juneteenth (1865) :: June 19, 1865 when enslaved people in Texas learned they were Lincoln's First Inaugural Address (1861) :: Lincoln said secession was illegal, promised not to interfere with slavery where it existed, and aimed to preserve the Union peacefully. Border States :: Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware; slave states that stayed in the Union and were strategically important. North vs South (1861) :: North had ~22 million people, industry, and factories; South had ~9 million people and relied on agriculture and slavery. Conscription (1862 CSA / 1863 USA) :: First national draft in U.S. history used when volunteer numbers dropped. Substitution :: Allowed wealthy men to pay others to fight in their place during the draft. Habeas Corpus Suspension (1861–1863) :: Lincoln suspended legal protection requiring trial before imprisonment during wartime. Union Blockade (Anaconda Plan) :: Naval blockade of Southern ports (1861–1865) that cut off trade and weakened Confederacy. Industrial Advantage :: North had ~90% of factories and weapons production compared to the South. Railroads :: North had far more railroads (~22,000 miles vs ~9,000), allowing faster troop movement. Revenue Act of 1862 :: First federal income tax used to fund the Civil War. Greenbacks (1862) :: Union paper money not backed by gold; caused moderate inflation. Greybacks :: Confederate money that became nearly worthless due to inflation. Jay Cooke :: Banker who sold large amounts of Union war bonds. Cotton Diplomacy :: Confederate strategy expecting Britain and France to support them due to cotton dependence. Trent Affair (1861) :: U.S. captured Confederate diplomats from a British ship, nearly causing war with Britain. Ironclads (1862) :: Armored warships (USS Monitor vs CSS Virginia) that changed naval warfare. Robert E. Lee :: Commander of Confederate Army of Northern Virginia. Ulysses S. Grant :: Union general who led successful campaigns like Vicksburg and Appomattox. William T. Sherman :: Union general known for “March to the Sea” and total war tactics. Scorched Earth Policy :: Strategy of destroying enemy supplies, railroads, and farmland. Scott’s Anaconda Plan :: Union strategy to blockade South and split it along the Mississippi River. Telegraph :: Communication system that allowed fast military messaging during war. Appomattox Court House (1865) :: Location where Lee surrendered to Grant, ending the Civil War. Enrollment Act of 1863 :: Union draft law allowing substitutions; caused protests in Northern cities. New York Draft Riots (1863) :: Violent protests against the draft; over 100 killed. Emancipation Proclamation (1863) :: Freed enslaved people in Confederate states still in rebellion. Copperheads :: Northern Democrats who opposed the war and wanted peace with the South. Merryman Case (1861) :: Challenged Lincoln’s suspension of habeas corpus. Vallandigham Case (1863) :: Anti-war politician arrested and exiled for criticizing Lincoln. Milligan Case (1866) :: Supreme Court ruled civilians cannot be tried in military courts if civil courts are open. Election of 1864 :: Lincoln (National Union Party) defeated McClellan; voters chose continuation of war. Freedmen’s Bureau (1865) :: Government agency helping freed slaves with food, jobs, and education. 10% Plan (1863) :: Lincoln’s Reconstruction plan allowing Southern states back after 10% loyalty oath. Wade-Davis Bill (1864) :: Radical Republican plan requiring majority loyalty oath; Lincoln vetoed it. 13th Amendment (1865) :: Abolished slavery in the United States. Civil Rights Act of 1866 :: Gave citizenship and equal rights to all born in the U.S. 14th Amendment (1868) :: Guaranteed citizenship and equal protection under the law. 15th Amendment (1870) :: Gave Black men the right to vote. Andrew Johnson :: President after Lincoln; opposed Radical Republicans and favored lenient Reconstruction. Radical Republicans :: Group led by Thaddeus Stevens that wanted strict Reconstruction and Black rights. Military Reconstruction Acts (1867–68) :: Divided South into military districts controlled by Union Army. Tenure of Office Act (1867) :: Required Senate approval to remove cabinet officials. Impeachment of Andrew Johnson (1868) :: First presidential impeachment; he was not removed from office. Black Codes (1865–1866) :: Southern laws restricting freedom and labor of freed African Americans. Sharecropping :: Farming system where workers gave a share of crops for land use, often causing debt. Carpetbaggers :: Northerners who moved South after the war for opportunity. Scalawags :: Southern whites who supported Reconstruction governments. Ku Klux Klan (KKK, 1865) :: White supremacist group using violence and terror against Black Americans. Colfax Massacre (1873) :: Over 100 Black Americans killed during election violence in Louisiana. Mississippi Plan (1875) :: Use of violence and intimidation to regain white Democratic control. Force Acts (1870–71) :: Federal laws used to stop KKK violence and protect Black voters. Jim Crow Laws :: Laws enforcing racial segregation in the South. Civil Rights Act of 1875 :: Banned segregation in public places; later weakened by courts. Election of 1876 :: Disputed election between Hayes and Tilden. Compromise of 1877 :: Hayes becomes president; federal troops leave South, ending Reconstruction. Redeemers :: Southern Democrats who regained control after Reconstruction. Bourbon Democrats :: Conservative Southern Democrats supporting segregation and limited government. Juneteenth (1865) :: June 19, 1865 when enslaved people in Texas learned they were free

Confederacy (CSA) :: Formed in February 1861 by 11 Southern states after secession; capital was Richmond; fought to protect slavery and states’ rights. Lincoln's First Inaugural Address (1861) :: Lincoln said secession was illegal, promised not to interfere with slavery where it existed, and aimed to preserve the Union peacefully. Border States :: Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware; slave states that stayed in the Union and were strategically important. North vs South (1861) :: North had ~22 million people, industry, and factories; South had ~9 million people and relied on agriculture and slavery. Conscription (1862 CSA / 1863 USA) :: First national draft in U.S. history used when volunteer numbers dropped. Substitution :: Allowed wealthy men to pay others to fight in their place during the draft. Habeas Corpus Suspension (1861–1863) :: Lincoln suspended legal protection requiring trial before imprisonment during wartime. Union Blockade (Anaconda Plan) :: Naval blockade of Southern ports (1861–1865) that cut off trade and weakened Confederacy. Industrial Advantage :: North had ~90% of factories and weapons production compared to the South. Railroads :: North had far more railroads (~22,000 miles vs ~9,000), allowing faster troop movement. Revenue Act of 1862 :: First federal income tax used to fund the Civil War. Greenbacks (1862) :: Union paper money not backed by gold; caused moderate inflation. Greybacks :: Confederate money that became nearly worthless due to inflation. Jay Cooke :: Banker who sold large amounts of Union war bonds. Cotton Diplomacy :: Confederate strategy expecting Britain and France to support them due to cotton dependence. Trent Affair (1861) :: U.S. captured Confederate diplomats from a British ship, nearly causing war with Britain. Ironclads (1862) :: Armored warships (USS Monitor vs CSS Virginia) that changed naval warfare. Robert E. Lee :: Commander of Confederate Army of Northern Virginia. Ulysses S. Grant :: Union general who led successful campaigns like Vicksburg and Appomattox. William T. Sherman :: Union general known for “March to the Sea” and total war tactics. Scorched Earth Policy :: Strategy of destroying enemy supplies, railroads, and farmland. Scott’s Anaconda Plan :: Union strategy to blockade South and split it along the Mississippi River. Telegraph :: Communication system that allowed fast military messaging during war. Appomattox Court House (1865) :: Location where Lee surrendered to Grant, ending the Civil War. Enrollment Act of 1863 :: Union draft law allowing substitutions; caused protests in Northern cities. New York Draft Riots (1863) :: Violent protests against the draft; over 100 killed. Emancipation Proclamation (1863) :: Freed enslaved people in Confederate states still in rebellion. Copperheads :: Northern Democrats who opposed the war and wanted peace with the South. Merryman Case (1861) :: Challenged Lincoln’s suspension of habeas corpus. Vallandigham Case (1863) :: Anti-war politician arrested and exiled for criticizing Lincoln. Milligan Case (1866) :: Supreme Court ruled civilians cannot be tried in military courts if civil courts are open. Election of 1864 :: Lincoln (National Union Party) defeated McClellan; voters chose continuation of war. Freedmen’s Bureau (1865) :: Government agency helping freed slaves with food, jobs, and education. 10% Plan (1863) :: Lincoln’s Reconstruction plan allowing Southern states back after 10% loyalty oath. Wade-Davis Bill (1864) :: Radical Republican plan requiring majority loyalty oath; Lincoln vetoed it. 13th Amendment (1865) :: Abolished slavery in the United States. Civil Rights Act of 1866 :: Gave citizenship and equal rights to all born in the U.S. 14th Amendment (1868) :: Guaranteed citizenship and equal protection under the law. 15th Amendment (1870) :: Gave Black men the right to vote. Andrew Johnson :: President after Lincoln; opposed Radical Republicans and favored lenient Reconstruction. Radical Republicans :: Group led by Thaddeus Stevens that wanted strict Reconstruction and Black rights. Military Reconstruction Acts (1867–68) :: Divided South into military districts controlled by Union Army. Tenure of Office Act (1867) :: Required Senate approval to remove cabinet officials. Impeachment of Andrew Johnson (1868) :: First presidential impeachment; he was not removed from office. Black Codes (1865–1866) :: Southern laws restricting freedom and labor of freed African Americans. Sharecropping :: Farming system where workers gave a share of crops for land use, often causing debt. Carpetbaggers :: Northerners who moved South after the war for opportunity. Scalawags :: Southern whites who supported Reconstruction governments. Ku Klux Klan (KKK, 1865) :: White supremacist group using violence and terror against Black Americans. Colfax Massacre (1873) :: Over 100 Black Americans killed during election violence in Louisiana. Mississippi Plan (1875) :: Use of violence and intimidation to regain white Democratic control. Force Acts (1870–71) :: Federal laws used to stop KKK violence and protect Black voters. Jim Crow Laws :: Laws enforcing racial segregation in the South. Civil Rights Act of 1875 :: Banned segregation in public places; later weakened by courts. Election of 1876 :: Disputed election between Hayes and Tilden. Compromise of 1877 :: Hayes becomes president; federal troops leave South, ending Reconstruction. Redeemers :: Southern Democrats who regained control after Reconstruction. Bourbon Democrats :: Conservative Southern Democrats supporting segregation and limited government. Juneteenth (1865) :: June 19, 1865 when enslaved people in Texas learned they were Lincoln's First Inaugural Address (1861) :: Lincoln said secession was illegal, promised not to interfere with slavery where it existed, and aimed to preserve the Union peacefully. Border States :: Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware; slave states that stayed in the Union and were strategically important. North vs South (1861) :: North had ~22 million people, industry, and factories; South had ~9 million people and relied on agriculture and slavery. Conscription (1862 CSA / 1863 USA) :: First national draft in U.S. history used when volunteer numbers dropped. Substitution :: Allowed wealthy men to pay others to fight in their place during the draft. Habeas Corpus Suspension (1861–1863) :: Lincoln suspended legal protection requiring trial before imprisonment during wartime. Union Blockade (Anaconda Plan) :: Naval blockade of Southern ports (1861–1865) that cut off trade and weakened Confederacy. Industrial Advantage :: North had ~90% of factories and weapons production compared to the South. Railroads :: North had far more railroads (~22,000 miles vs ~9,000), allowing faster troop movement. Revenue Act of 1862 :: First federal income tax used to fund the Civil War. Greenbacks (1862) :: Union paper money not backed by gold; caused moderate inflation. Greybacks :: Confederate money that became nearly worthless due to inflation. Jay Cooke :: Banker who sold large amounts of Union war bonds. Cotton Diplomacy :: Confederate strategy expecting Britain and France to support them due to cotton dependence. Trent Affair (1861) :: U.S. captured Confederate diplomats from a British ship, nearly causing war with Britain. Ironclads (1862) :: Armored warships (USS Monitor vs CSS Virginia) that changed naval warfare. Robert E. Lee :: Commander of Confederate Army of Northern Virginia. Ulysses S. Grant :: Union general who led successful campaigns like Vicksburg and Appomattox. William T. Sherman :: Union general known for “March to the Sea” and total war tactics. Scorched Earth Policy :: Strategy of destroying enemy supplies, railroads, and farmland. Scott’s Anaconda Plan :: Union strategy to blockade South and split it along the Mississippi River. Telegraph :: Communication system that allowed fast military messaging during war. Appomattox Court House (1865) :: Location where Lee surrendered to Grant, ending the Civil War. Enrollment Act of 1863 :: Union draft law allowing substitutions; caused protests in Northern cities. New York Draft Riots (1863) :: Violent protests against the draft; over 100 killed. Emancipation Proclamation (1863) :: Freed enslaved people in Confederate states still in rebellion. Copperheads :: Northern Democrats who opposed the war and wanted peace with the South. Merryman Case (1861) :: Challenged Lincoln’s suspension of habeas corpus. Vallandigham Case (1863) :: Anti-war politician arrested and exiled for criticizing Lincoln. Milligan Case (1866) :: Supreme Court ruled civilians cannot be tried in military courts if civil courts are open. Election of 1864 :: Lincoln (National Union Party) defeated McClellan; voters chose continuation of war. Freedmen’s Bureau (1865) :: Government agency helping freed slaves with food, jobs, and education. 10% Plan (1863) :: Lincoln’s Reconstruction plan allowing Southern states back after 10% loyalty oath. Wade-Davis Bill (1864) :: Radical Republican plan requiring majority loyalty oath; Lincoln vetoed it. 13th Amendment (1865) :: Abolished slavery in the United States. Civil Rights Act of 1866 :: Gave citizenship and equal rights to all born in the U.S. 14th Amendment (1868) :: Guaranteed citizenship and equal protection under the law. 15th Amendment (1870) :: Gave Black men the right to vote. Andrew Johnson :: President after Lincoln; opposed Radical Republicans and favored lenient Reconstruction. Radical Republicans :: Group led by Thaddeus Stevens that wanted strict Reconstruction and Black rights. Military Reconstruction Acts (1867–68) :: Divided South into military districts controlled by Union Army. Tenure of Office Act (1867) :: Required Senate approval to remove cabinet officials. Impeachment of Andrew Johnson (1868) :: First presidential impeachment; he was not removed from office. Black Codes (1865–1866) :: Southern laws restricting freedom and labor of freed African Americans. Sharecropping :: Farming system where workers gave a share of crops for land use, often causing debt. Carpetbaggers :: Northerners who moved South after the war for opportunity. Scalawags :: Southern whites who supported Reconstruction governments. Ku Klux Klan (KKK, 1865) :: White supremacist group using violence and terror against Black Americans. Colfax Massacre (1873) :: Over 100 Black Americans killed during election violence in Louisiana. Mississippi Plan (1875) :: Use of violence and intimidation to regain white Democratic control. Force Acts (1870–71) :: Federal laws used to stop KKK violence and protect Black voters. Jim Crow Laws :: Laws enforcing racial segregation in the South. Civil Rights Act of 1875 :: Banned segregation in public places; later weakened by courts. Election of 1876 :: Disputed election between Hayes and Tilden. Compromise of 1877 :: Hayes becomes president; federal troops leave South, ending Reconstruction. Redeemers :: Southern Democrats who regained control after Reconstruction. Bourbon Democrats :: Conservative Southern Democrats supporting segregation and limited government. Juneteenth (1865) :: June 19, 1865 when enslaved people in Texas learned they were free