Electrolytes

Electrolyte Summary

• Electrolytes

  • Calcium (Ca+), Potassium (K+), Magnesium (Mg+), Sodium (Na+), Chloride (Cl-)

  • Charged substances in solution.

• Body Distribution

  • Extracellular: Sodium, Proteins, Chloride, Bicarbonate

  • Intracellular: Potassium, Magnesium, Sulfate, Proteins, Phosphorus.

• Electrolyte Balance

  • Needs to be maintained through intake, absorption, distribution, and excretion for homeostasis.

• Sodium (Na+)

  • Main extracellular cation; governs osmolality, aids in acid-base balance, and activates muscle and nerve cells.

  • Hyponatremia: Low sodium levels can be caused by excessive water intake or medical conditions. Treated with fluid restriction and sodium replacement.

  • Rapid sodium correction can lead to Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome (central pontine myelinolysis).

  • Hypernatremia: High sodium levels caused by salt loading or water loss. Treatment involves correcting water deficit.

• Potassium (K+)

  • Main intracellular ion, regulates cell excitability.

  • Hypokalemia: Caused by potassium loss or shift due to acid-base disorders. Treated with potassium chloride orally or IV.

  • Hyperkalemia: Caused by decreased output or increased intake. Treated by stopping potassium sources and using dialysis if severe.

• Magnesium (Mg2+)

  • Intracellular, important for muscle and nerve function.

  • Hypomagnesemia: Caused by decreased intake or absorption. Treated with oral or IV magnesium.

  • Hypermagnesemia: Caused by impaired kidney function or excess intake. Treatment includes eliminating sources and dialysis.

• Calcium (Ca2+)

  • Found mainly in bones; regulates numerous bodily functions.

  • Hypocalcemia: Caused by poor intake or absorption, leading to neurological and muscular symptoms. Treated with calcium replacement.

  • Hypercalcemia: Caused by excessive intake or bone breakdown, requiring addressing the underlying cause and managing symptoms.

• Phosphorus (P)

  • Important for bone mineralization and energy storage.

  • Hypophosphatemia: Can cause muscle weakness and fatigue; requires treating the underlying condition.

  • Hyperphosphatemia: Similar to hypocalcemia; treatment focuses on underlying issues and may include dialysis.

• Chloride (Cl-)

  • Maintains acid/base balance; often associated with sodium.

  • Hyperchloremia: May occur due to dehydration or excessive sodium chloride intake, leading to metabolic acidosis. Treatment involves rehydration and addressing underlying causes.