Enzymes

Enzymes are organic 

  • organic means carbon-based

Enzymes are proteins

Enzymes are biological catalysts

  • Belong in Protein family: HONC 

H2O  -----catalyze ------> H2+ O2

Enzymes are catalysts: are chemicals that speed up a chemical reaction without being chemical changed

  •  catalysts is not a reactant or a product, but if a catalyst is present more products will be produced faster. 
  • Catalysts only impact speed of reaction
  • Are reusable  

All enzymes have ACTIVE sites

  • Each active site can only fit/bind to one type of substrate: enzymes are highly specific because of the perfect shapes of their active sites. 

LipASE: substrate-lipids

SucrASE: substrate- sucrose

DNA HelicASE: substrate-DNA

ENZYMES have the suffix  “-ase”

prefix tells you the enzymes substrate

Substrate:  the substance on which an enzyme can act 

Mutations: a change in DNA, can cause a change in a protein’s shape. 

What determines a protein’s shape?

  • Tertiary 3D shape and the R group of each amino acid

ESC: enzyme substrate complex

Denature: alter or change the original shape of an enzyme’s active site

  • Denatured enzymes cannot form ESC

Every enzyme has an optimal temperature. At high temperatures, noncovalent bonds being to break. Enzyme can lose its tertiary structure.

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS that cause DENATURING

  • Large change in PH level = H = [H+] (increase or decrease in acidity) 
  •  Large changes in temperature
  • Venom or toxins

Activation Energy:  needed for catalyzed and non-catalyzed reactions

  • energy required to bring reactants close together in order for the reaction proceed
  •  is also needed to rotate/orientate reactants perfectly so the reaction can proceed. 
  • Competitive inhibitors vie with the substrate for the enzyme’s active site
  • Competitive inhibitors slow down the reactions

Weaving

By Weaving all mammals make Lactase. 

Post weaning adult mammals (non-mutants) stop making lactose & become  lactose intolerant

Mutants: Post Weaning adult Mammals keep making Lactase (Lactase Persistence)

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