Psychology ALL NOTES

Neuron System Vocabulary

• Axon: pg 44 tubelike part of a neuron that carries messages away from the cell body to other neurons

• Dendrites: rootlike structure at the end of the axons that receive neural impulses from neighboring neurons

• Glands: produce hormones that produce body secretions

• Glial cells: small but numerous cells in the nervous system

• Hormones: chemical substances that help regulate bodily processes

• Myelin Sheath: is a layer of protective insulation that covers the axon

• Nodes of Ranvier: nodes of Ranvier are gaps between the Myelin Sheath

• SynapseSynapses: are small fluid-filled gaps between neurons

• Neurotransmitters: are chemical messengers that transport nerve impulses from one never cell to another

• Nerve: is a bundle of axons from different neurons that transmit nerve impulses

Neuron Communication

• Action Potential: when the nerve is stimulated - picking up glass of water

• Resting Potential: when the neuron is not being stimulated

• Ions: electrically charged chemicals

• Action potential: is an electrical charge,It is the ‘firing’ or spike of the neuron, Abrupt change from a negative to a positive charge

• When the cell gets stimulated, sodium gates at the base of the axon are released

• Resting potential: when a neuron is at rest not being stimulated the gates that control the passage of sodium ions are closed

• All-or-none principle: the principle is which neurons will fire only when a change in the level of excitation occurs pg 47 DONT TOUCH EACHOTHER

• Neurotransmitters: messengers carry those messages to the across the synapse

• These messengers can control activities ranging from the contraction of muscles that move our bodies

• Stimulation of glands to release hormones

• Psychological states of emotion

Digestion

• Reuptake: is the process where neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by the transmitting neuorn

• Receptor Site: on the receiving neuron where the neurotransmitter is docked

• Enzymes: are the organic substances that produce certain chemical changes

• Neuromodulators: are chemicals that either increase or decrease the sensitivity of the receiving neuron to neurotransmitters

Neurological Disorders Vocabulary

• Antagonists: are drugs that block the neurotransmitters by occupying the receptor site - the villain

• Schizophrenia: a severe and chronic psychological disorder characterized by disturbances in thinking, perception, emotions, and behaviors

• Hallucinations: “hearing voices” or seeing things that aren’t there

• Delusions: are fixed, false ideas

• Parkinson’s Disease: is a degenerative brain disease that leads to progressive loss of motor skills

• Agonists: enhance the activity of neurotransmitters

• Acetylcholine (ACh): is a neurotransmitter that naturally occurs in the body, Stimulates the skeletal muscles to contract in response

  • Memory formation

  • Blocked from docking then those voluntary skeletal muscles cant contract

  • Curare is a poison that affects ACh once it hits animals it causes paralysis and the animal dies

  • Black Widow venom is the opposite causing convulsions

• Dopamine: function controlling muscle contractions, memory, learning, and emotional functioning

  • Focus, concentration, sleep, mood, motivation

  • Reward center

  • Parkinson's, schizo, bipolar disorder, adhd

  • Drugs: cocaine amphetamines and methamphetamines

• Stimulants: drug that activates the central nervous system

• Amphetamines: are agonists that increase dopamine levels, the ‘high’ synthetically derives stimulants

Stimulant Drugs:

• Example 1: cocaine stimulant drug

• Example 2: methamphetamines are often abused

• Glutamate: excitatory neurotransmitter, most abundant, in thinking, memory, learning, Alzheimer's Parkinsons' dementia, and seizures, caffeine

• Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA): regulates nervous activity from getting overly excited, and regulates brain activity to prevent problems with anxiety depression concentration, irritability, and sleep. Valum and Prozac used to give a calm or relaxed feeling, low levels may play a role in panic disorders

• Epinephrine:

• Norepinephrine:

• Antidepressants:

• Endorphins:

• Schizophrenia:

• Parkinson’s Disease:

Nervous System Vocabulary

• Nervous System: makes up your spinal cord, nerves, and brain. Function is sending messages to your brain and back to your body about what to do - thoughts, learning, memory, movements, healing, sleep, heartbeat, breathing, digestion, puberty, and age. Use nerve cells called neuronsto send messages - electrical signals travel to your muscles =, skin, organs, and glands. Help you feel pain → congenital insensitive to pain: a rare condition where you cannot feel pain

• Motor Neurons: convey messages from the brain to the spinal cord to muscles controlling movement

• Sensory neurons: transmits information from the outside world to the spinal cord to the brain

• Interneurons: the most common type of neurons that connect neurons to neurons connecting motor and sensory

• Central Nervous System (CNS): brain and spinal cord

  • Master control center for the body

  • Helps you sense the world around you makes sense of the senses

• Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): part of the nervous that connects the spinal cord and brain with sensory organs, muscles, glands connects central nervous system to the body

  • Divided into the somatic Nervous system and Autonomic Nervous System

  • without your PNS your brain would be disconnected

  • Example computer chip disconnected from the hardware

• Somatic Nervous System: part of the PNS that transmits infro btw the CNS and the organs and muscules

• Autonomic Nervous System: is part of the PNS that automatically regulates involuntary bodily process

• Sympathetic Nervous System: branch of the autonomic nervous system that accelerates bodily functions

• Parasympathetic Nervous System: branch of autonomic nervous system that controls body functions such as digestion

• Spine: protective column that houses the spinal cord

• Spinal Cord: column of nerves that transmits signals b/w the brian and PNS

• Reflex: is a automatic unlearned response to a stimuli

• Spinal Reflex: reflex controlled by the spinal cord

• Hindbrain: lowest part of the brain includes the mdeulla pons and cerebellum

• Medulla: regulates basics life functions - heartbeat adn respiration

• Pons: involved with sleep and wakefulness

• Cerebellum: controls balance and coordination

• The Midbrain: lies on top of the hindbrain and below the forebrain

• Reticular Formation: formation is a weblike formation of neurons that regulate attention alertness and arousal

• The Forebrain: is the largest and uppermost part of the brain, includes thalamus, hypothalamus

• Thalamus:

• Basal Ganglia:

• Huntington's Disease: damages nerve cells in the brain decay overtime pt, ot, st, counseling, meds

  • Drugs help manage symptoms of huntingtons

  • Emotionally ; adtidepressants, atipsychotics, and lithium(mood stabilizer)

  • Prognosis :

  • Early stages mild symptoms such as being moody or clumsy struglle with complex thinking

  • Middle stages physcial changes at work driving household chores are difficult

  • End stage around the clock care hard to do daily task on your won

  • No cure but research and clinical trials are ongoing

• Hypothalamus: regulates many vital body functions including body temp and reproduction

  • Emotional states, aggression, response and stress

  • Located in the forebrain and is pease-sized chape

  • Part of endocrine system

• Limbic System: structures in the froebrain that include the amygdala, hippocampus, and parts of the thalamus and hypothalamus

• Amygdala: is almond shaped and plays a role in fear, aggression and rage

• Hippocampus: involved in memory formation

Endocrine system

• Endocrine systems - bodys system of glads that release hormones

• Pancreas - gland located near the stomach that produces insulin - diabetes

• Homeostasis - systems maintain a steady, internally balanced state

• Pituitary gland produces various hormones for growth, regulates your menstruation and childbirth

• Pineal gland produces the homonone melatonin regulating sleep wake cyle

• Adrenal glands located above the kidneys and produce stress related hormones

• Gonad - sex glands that produce germ cells - ovaries produce estrogner progesterone and mature egg cells

• Thyroid gland - located in neck secrete thyroxine wich regulates metabolic function and physical growth

• Prementstrual syndrome

• Genotype is an organism genetic code

• Genes are the basic units of heredity that carries a person’s genetic code

• Chromosomes rodlike structures in the cell nucleus of the genes

• DNA

• Nature vs nuture does genetic or environment determine our behavior → oldest psychological debate

• Phenotype - observable physical and behavioral characteristics of an organism

• Polygenic factors are traits influenced by multiple genes

• Identical twins

• Zygote fertilize egg cell

• Fraternal twins

• Twin studies examine the degree to which they share psychological traits - social and disorders

• Concordance rates the percentage of cases which twins share the same trait or disorder

• Adoptee studies examine whether adoptees are more similar to their biological parents or adoptive parents

Endocrine system

• Purpose : release hormones into your blood while maintain hormone levels

  • mood, sleepwake cycle, grwoth, development, reproduction, sexual function

• Pineal Gland : located beneath the corpus Callosum and regulates melatonin

• Pituitary Gland

• Thyroid Gland - controls metabolism

• Adrenal Glands - sit on top of kidneys regulating stress

• Pancreas

• Ovaries

• Disorders

• Diabetes type 1 & 2

• Cancer and tumors, pancreas, thyroid, pituitary tumors, thyroid tumors

• Obesity

• Thyroid disease

• PMS

• PCOS (Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome)

• Menstruation disorders

Nature vs Nuture

• Nature - how genetic influence a person’s personality

• Nuture - how a person environment influences their actions

• Oldest debate in psychology which one plays a bigger rold in personality development?

• WHO believed in what?

  • Rene Descartes : all humans born with an innate knowledge from God

  • John Locke : the mind is a blank slate “Tabula Rasa” everything we are is from our experiences nuture

  • behaviorism

• Controversy

  • eugenics: intelligence resulted from genes

  • Francis Galton believed that intelligent people should marry and have kids, less intelligent people should be discourage from having children.

• Eugenics and Scientifc Racism

• Belief that they could perfect human beings and eliminate social ills through genetics

• Believe in forced sterilization, doctor make patient infertile not able to have children at all

• “Racial improvement” and “planned breeding”

• Smart have kids nonsmart dont have children

• 1800s still exist

VOCAB

• genes

• Cerebral Cortex:

• Cerebrum:

• Cerebral Hemispheres:

• Corpus Callosum:

• Occipital Lobes:

• Parietal Lobes:

• Somatosensory Cortex:

• Frontal Lobes:

• Motor Cortex:

• Temporal Lobes:

• Association Areas:

• Electroencephalography (EEG):

• Computed Tomography Scan (CT Scan):

• Positron Emission Tomography Scan (PET Scan):

• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI):

• Lesioning:

• Electrical recording:

• Electrical Stimulation:

• Split-Brain Patients:

• Prefrontal Cortex: are of the frontal lobe that lies in front of the motor cortex and involved in higher mental functions -

  • phineas gage incident working packing blasting powder and accidentally set off, a steel metal rod went through his brain and he survived but his personality changed

• Head trauma - when the brain is injured by a blow to and jarring of the head by piercing the skull, laceration occurs when a foreign object penetrates the skull and dames the brain

• Concussion is an injury to the brain resulting from a blow to the head that may result in momentary loss of consciousness

  • Types - mild and severe

• Stroke: occurs when blood flow to the brain is blocked by a blood clot, stokes kill brain tissue, 3rd leading cause of death in the US

• Plasticity:

Lobotomies

• Disrupt the connection btw the frontal cortex and the rest of the brain

• Happened in 1930s-40s men and women in Asylums

• Few effective treatments

• Seen as hope for those suffering from mental illness

• Restored normal function to the brain

• Schizophrenia patients and patients with depression benefitted

• Dr Walter Freeman performed 19 lobotomies on children and countless others

• Procedures

• Dr. Walter Freeman used a transorbital approach

  • Results

  • A quarter of patients developed epilepsy

  • Becoming apathetic

  • Inappropriate social behaviors

  • Reverse aggressive behaviors

  • The 1950s stopped due to public outrage

  • Being used recklessly

  • Side effects

  • Bleeding

  • Brain infection and abscess

  • Dementia

  • Intellectual disabilities

  • Inappropriate social behaviors

  • epilepsy

Epilepsy

• Recurring, unprovoked seizures

• Prognosis

• Lack of sleep

• Illness with and without fever

• Alcohol

• Drug

• Stress

• Treatment

• Seizure med

• Track triggers

Endocrine system

• Endocrine systems - bodys system of glads that release hormones

• Pancreas - gland located near the stomach that produces insulin - diabetes

• Homeostasis - systems maintain a steady, internally balanced state

• Pituitary gland produces various hormones for growth, regulates your menstruation and childbirth 

• Pineal gland produces the homonone melatonin regulating sleep wake cyle

• Adrenal glands located above the kidneys and produce stress related hormones

• Gonad - sex glands that produce germ cells - ovaries produce estrogner progesterone and mature egg cells

• Thyroid gland - located in neck secrete thyroxine wich regulates metabolic function and physical growth

• Prementstrual syndrome

• Genotype is an organism genetic code

• Genes are the basic units of heredity that carries a person’s genetic code

• Chromosomes rodlike structures in the cell nucleus of the genes

• DNA

• Nature vs nuture does genetic or environment determine our behavior → oldest psychological debate

• Phenotype - observable physical and behavioral characteristics of an organism

• Polygenic factors are traits influenced by multiple genes

• Identical twins

• Zygote fertilize egg cell

• Fraternal twins

• Twin studies examine the degree to which they share psychological traits - social and disorders

• Concordance rates the percentage of cases which twins share the same trait or disorder

• Adoptee studies examine whether adoptees are more similar to their biological parents or adoptive parents

Endocrine system 

• Purpose : release hormones into your blood while maintain hormone levels

• → mood, sleepwake cycle, grwoth, development, reproduction, sexual function 

• Pineal Gland : located beneath the corpus Callosum and regulates melatonin 

• Pituitary Gland

• Thyroid Gland - controls metabolism

• Adrenal Glands - sit on top of kidneys regulating stress

• Pancreas

• Ovaries 

Disorders 

• Diabetes type 1 & 2 

• Cancer and tumors, pancreas, thyroid, pituitary tumors, thyroid tumors

• Obesity

• Thyroid disease

• PMS

• PCOS (Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome)

• Menstruation disorders

Nature vs Nurture

• Nature - how genetic influence a person’s personality

• Nuture - how a person environment influences their actions

• Oldest debate in psychology which one plays a bigger rold in personality development?

• WHO believed in what?

  • Rene Descartes : all humans born with an innate knowledge from God

  • John Locke : the mind is a blank slate “Tabula Rasa” everything we are is from our experiences nuture

  • behaviorism 

• Controversy 

• eugenics: intelligence resulted from genes

• Francis Galton believed that intelligent people should marry and have kids, less intelligent people should be discourage from having children.

Eugenics and Scientifc Racism

• Belief that they could perfect human beings and eliminate social ills through genetics 

• Believe in forced sterilization, doctor make patient infertile not able to have children at all 

• “Racial improvement” and “planned breeding”

• Smart have kids nonsmart dont have children

• 1800s still exist

Nature vs Nurture : Child development

• Jermoe Bruner ; children construct knowledge through their experiences

• Albert Bandure: believed that children learn by observing people around them, think of younger siblings, babies and toddlers

• Piaget : believed in both nature vs nurture; theory of cognitive development

Familial Studies and Mental Health

• Whether disease or mental illness runs in the family 

• The HapMap project, allows researchers to find genes and genetic variations that affect health and diseases, how genetic factors contribute to environmental factors

• Some mental health disorders run in the family 

  • you are at a high risk, not developing the disorder

  • eating disorders

  • mood disorders - anxiety, depression, bipolar

  • neurodevelopmental disorders - autism spectrum, intellectual disabilities

  • OCD

  • PTSD

  • Psychosis and schizophrenia 

  
  

Case Study : Habsburgs

• Inbreeding is when two close individuals marry 

• Common in Royal marriages to keep the bloodline pure 

• Intermarriage over a course of generations develops genetic disorders

• King Charles II of Spain

  • mandibular prognathism 

  • gastrointestinal issues

  • mental issues 

  • raised as an infant until 10 years old 

  • Hemophilia on the European side of the Habsburgs don't stop bleeding 

CHAPTER 4 ALTERED STATE OF CONSCIOUSNESS

Vocabulary 

• Consciousness - a state of awareness of ourselves and the world around us

• State of consciousness - are the levels of consciousness ranging from alert wakefulness to deep sleep 

• Focused awareness - wide awake, full alert, 

• Drifting consciousness - state of awareness characterized y drifting through of mental imagery

• Daydreaming

• Divided consciousness - state of awareness characterized by divided attention on two or more tasks - multitasking 

• Autpoilt - do tasks subconsciously 

• Unconsciousness - lack of awareness or loss of consciousness

• Altered states of consciousness - states of awareness that differ of ones usual waking state

• Circadian rhythm - daily fluctuation patterns in the body 

• Jet lag

• REM - sleep stage that involves rapid eye movement and is closely associated with dreaming

• Activation-synthesis hypothesis : a proposal that dreams represent the brain's attempt to make send off random discharges of electrical activity that occur during REM sleep 

• Cognitive neuroscience - an interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with our mental process - how the brain influences other mind

• Dual processing - that information in our brain is processed on conscious and unconscious tracks

• Selective attention - focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimulus unaware your nose in line of site 

• Inattentional blindness - falling to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere 

• Change blindness - failing to notice changes in the environment 

WHAT IS CONSCIOUSNESS?

William James 

• Functionalism functions of behavior

• Streams on consciousness

• The thought stream of consciousness is a continuous flow of thought

• - Consciousness is an awareness of ourselves and our environment

• - our awareness helps us figure out our past, our present, and future plans ex: driving 

• - you have different states of consciousness 

• → alert and fully awake to a deep sleep 

• → altered states - drugs hallucinations and hypnosis 

  
  

SCIENTIFIC APPROACH TO CONSCIOUSNESS 

•  Only know you exist because you're consciousness 

• Consciousness is subjective 1st pov to other pov 

• Consciousness arises in the brain  

• Cerebral cortex 

• Cerebellum - lose hard to move, consciousness not impaired 

• Cholestrium - interested in nerves, switched on and off with electricity 

Evolution of consciousness

• The purpose is a mystery as to why we have consciousness

• Our advantage to plan and preparing for protection ourselves 

• Be able to see different pov from your own 

• Are animals conscious like us? - so far only humans older than 3 years old 

• Argues about chimps having the theory of mind 

• Some animals respond to self-knowing in a mirror - interpreted as to knowing they have a mind but may be just body 

Consciousness is hard to explain and solve 

• What is like and how it feels 

• If we weren't conscious nothing would matter

• Why are we conscious nobody knows 

• Radical ideas to connect science to consciousness 

• Search for correlations between consciousness and the brain 

• Areas of the brain correlate with certain things and conscious experiences 

• Why is there consciousness? We dont know 

• Study laws connecting consciousness 

• We want fundamental simple laws with consciousness 

• Might be universal in every system have consciousness everything 

• Human mind connected to nature 

• Cognito ergo sum  I think therefore I am 

John Paul

• Movement of existentialism 

• Nature of existence and consciousness 

CHAPTER ½ chapter 1:

Psychology - the scientific study of the mind and behavior, including how the mind works and influences behavior

Schools of Psychology

• Behaviorism focuses on observable behaviors and the effects of learning.

  Founder of Behaviorism:

  • John B. Watson is considered the founder of behaviorism.

• Gestalt psychology examines how people perceive whole forms rather than individual components.

  • The founder of Gestalt psychology is Max Wertheimer.

• Functionalism - Focuses on the purpose of mental processes and behavior in adapting to the environment.

  • Founder of Functionalism: William James.

• Structuralism: Analyzes the structure of the mind by breaking down mental processes into their basic components.

  • The founder of structuralism is Ferdinand de Saussure, a Swiss linguist.

Bias and Propaganda in Psychology

• Definition: Bias refers to a systematic error in thinking, while propaganda is information aimed at influencing public opinion.

• Types of Bias:Cognitive Bias: Errors in judgment due to mental shortcuts.Confirmation Bias: Favoring information that confirms existing beliefs.Selection Bias: Non-random selection of participants affecting results.

• Propaganda Techniques:Bandwagon: Encouraging acceptance by suggesting popularity.Fear Appeal: Using fear to influence attitudes or behaviors.Glittering Generalities: Using vague, positive phrases to evoke approval.

• Impact on Research:Can skew results and interpretations, leading to misinformation.Influences public perception and behavior in societal contexts.

• Mitigation Strategies:Awareness and critical thinking to identify biases.Use of peer review and replication studies in research.

People

Aristotle:

• Founder of Empiricism: Emphasized observation and experience.

• Theory of the Soul: Proposed the soul as the essence of life.

• Four Causes: Material, formal, efficient, and final causes explain phenomena.

• Virtue Ethics: Focused on character and virtue as key to happiness.

Socrates:

• Socratic Method: Engaged in dialogue to stimulate critical thinking.

• Knowledge and Virtue: Believed knowledge is essential for virtue.

• Ethical Focus: Explored moral concepts and the nature of good.

• "Know Thyself": Advocated for self-examination and introspection.

Chapter 2

• Nervous System - spinal cord, nerves, and brain

  • Delivers messages to the brain and back to tell body what to do

• Nerve cells - move messages, feel sensations

• 3 types of neurons

  • motor neurons - convey messages from brain to the spinal cord

  • sensory neurons - transmit info of outside word to spinal cord to brain

  • Interneurons - most common type of neurons in nevervous system connect motor and sensory

Vocab Neuron

• Axon tubelike part of a neuron that carries messages away from the cell body toother neurons

• Dendrites: rootlike structures at the end of the axons that receive neural impulses from neighboring neurons

• Glands produce hormones that produce body secretions

• Glial cells small, but numerous cells in the nervous system- nourish the neurons and remove waste

• Hormones are the chemical substances that help regulate bodily process

• Myelin Sheath is a layer of protective insulation that covers the axon

• Nodes of Ranvier are gaps between the Myelin Sheath

• Synapses are small fluid-filled gaps between neurons

• Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transport nerve impulses from one nerve cell to another

• The nerve is a bundle of axons from different neurons that transmit nerve impulse

• Action Potential - when a nerve is stimulated

• Resting potential when the neuron is not being stimulated

• Ions are electrically charged chemicals

• All-or-none principle is which neurons will fire only when a change in the level of excitation occurs

Neurotransmitters

• Dopamine

  • controlling muscle, memory, learning and emotions, helps focus, concentration, sleep, mood, reward center - associated with ADHA, BD, Schizo,

• Glutamate

  • excitatory neurotransmitter, caffeine, most abundant, thinking, memory, learning, alzheimers, dementia

• GABA

  • nervous activity from getting overly excited, prevent anxiety, depression, irritability, vallium prozac

PNS VS CNS

• PNS - peripheral Nervous system connects spinal and brain with organs, muscles, glands, computer chip

• CNS - Central Nervous System - brian and spinal cord, master control center, help make sense of world

Neurological Disease

• Parkinson’s Disease

  • degenerative brian disease loss of motor functions, difficulty walking, when there is less dopamine

• Hunginton’’s Disease

  • damage to nerve cells in brain decay overtime, thinking movement and mental health, no cure

• Epilepsy

  • reoccurring, unprovoked seizures, not sure why

Lobotomies

• Disrupts connection between frontal cortex and rest of brain

• 1930-1940 - men and women in Asylums

• schizophrenia and depression patients benefitted

• dr Walter freeman

• Transorbital approach through eye socket

• resulted in inappropriate social behaviors, epilepsy, and aggressive behaviors

• side effects death, obesity bleeding, dementia

• harmed psychological field

Rosemarie Kennedy

• Kennedy family's eldest daughter

• slow childhood development having intellectual disabilities

• in London, she was found to be going backward and being more irritable

• 1940 lobotomy recommended and she was put away for the rest of her life

• JFK make legislation for disabled people

Habsburgs

• a genetic disorder from something called consanguineous marriage

• royal family with disorders due to intermarrying

• Charles II of Spain

Nervous System Vocabulary

• Somatic Nervous System: part of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) that transmits information between the Central Nervous System and the sensory organs and muscles

• Autonomic Nervous System is part of the Peripheral Nervous System that automatically regulates involuntary bodily process

• Sympathetic Nervous System: Branch of the Autonomic Nervous System that accelerates bodily function

• Parasympathetic Nervous System: Branch of Autonomic Nervous System that controls body functions such as digestion

• Spine: protective column that houses the spinal cord

• Spinal Cord: column of nerves that transmits signals b/wthe brain and PNS

• Reflex is a automatic, unlearned response to a stimuli

• Spinal reflex: reflex controlled by the spinal cord

Brain Damage

• concussions - mild and severe - rose 18% in NFL players

• stoke occus when blood flow to the brian is blocked by a blood clot killing brain tissue 3rd leading cause to death in US

CHAPTER 13

Vocabulary

• Hallucinations

• Delusions: fixed but patently false beliefs

• Culture-bound syndromes: psychological disorder in only one or a few cultures, culture-specific

• Medical Model: a framework for understanding abnormal behavior patterns as symptoms of underlying psychological disorders or diseases, mental illness represents biology not demonic

• Biopsychosocial model: integrative model explaining abnormal behavior patterns in terms of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors

• Diathesis-stress model: relates the development of disorders, diathesis or predisposition, usually genetic in origin, and exposure to stressful events or life circumstances

• Biopsychosocial

  • genes? neurotransmitters? brain structure?

  • what psychological factors? personality?

  • social/cultural behavior affected by society and cultural changes?

• Psychological

  • Sigmund Freud - unconscious conflicts in childhood

  • phobias inner turmoil expressed outwardly

  • Pavlov discovered conditions response - believed abnormal behavior was learned

  • Humanistic approach: ability to make conscious choices and strive to fulfill one’s potential, abnormal behavior happens because of roadblocks

• Sociocultural

  • abnormal behavior has more to do with social ills and failure in society

  • racial, gender, discrimination, ethnic, ethnic background

  • dealing with sociological/cultural issues takes a toll on your mental health

  • label of mental illness

Normal vs Abnormal

• ab means off norm meaning normal or rule

• six criteria for differentiating normal vs abnormal

  • Unusualness: behavior that is unusual or experienced by a few people

  • Social deviance: all societies have standards and social norms that define socially acceptable behavior

  • Emotional distress: considered abnormal when inappropriate or excessive

  • Maladaptive Behavior: when it causes personal distress, self-defeating, or is associated with sig health/social/occupational problems

  • Dangerous

  • Fault perceptions or interpretations of reality

Historical Analysis of Abnormal Behavior

• Humorism: a system of medicine practiced by Greeks and Romans

  • Phlegm - mucus

  • Sanguin - blood

  • Melancholic - black

  • Coleric - yellow

• The four humors were linked to abnormal behavior

• Hippocrates associated the four elements with the humors: earth, air, fire, and water

• Galen redefined Hippocrates’ theory and made connections to personality traits

• all balanced to have normal behavior

Early Beliefs

• Ancient to middle age believed abnormal behaviors came from supernatural forces or demonic spirits

• Exorcism: a way to cure psychological disorders by ritually driving away evil spirits

• In medieval times there were forceful ways to force normal behavior and torture, and people modified their behavior

Early BelifsSpiritual approach

• telephoning: cutting holes in the skull to allow evil spirits to escape used in 5000 BC

• Sharman: A medicine man or a priest would carry out these practices

• Middle Ages: people used magic rituals or exorcisms to “cure” people

• Malleus Maleficarum - 1486, defined witches’ recommended treatments to preserve Christianity and destroy heretics and devils

Vocabulary

• psychosocial disorders: mental illness of mental disorders, abnormal behavior

• Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) - currently 5th edition, classifies all mental disorders on the basis of their distinctive features or symptoms

• Axis: class information in previous DMS, regarding an aspect of the individual functioning

• Multiaxial system: summarizes relevant information about an individual’s physical and psychological functioning

• Reliability: degree where clinicians diagnose consistently

• Validity: test, diagnosis or rating accurately and distinctly characterizes a person’s psychological status

DMS 5

• multi-tiered systems that help the examiner conduct a full exam

• 3 sections of DSM-V

• Section 1 : The Basics

  • covers how medical professionals use it

• Section 2 Diagnostic Criteria and Codes

  • largest

  • Covers in depth the type of conditions and explanation

• Section 3 Emerging Measures and Models

  • Contains information on specific assessment tools, and guidelines that providers use to diagnosis

  • Cultural differences affect the diagnosis

DMS 4

• multiaxial system

• axis 1&2 comprises diagnostic classifications

• a3 Medical conditions and diseases

• a4 psychosocial and environmental problems

• a5assessment of functioning

Culture-Bound Syndrome

• Only found in one or a few cultures, can’t find widespread

• Psychologists take into account cultural context to make judgments

• Jumping Frencmen of Maine - extreme startle response, imitative speech, and behaviors, only of French Canadian descent

• Mal de Ojo - staring hard

• Rootwork - illness to hexing or witchcraft

Pulse Oximeter and Racial Bias

• Eugenics and scientific racism

• pulse clip-on finger - determining oxygen levels in the blood helps save lives

• Research has shown overestimated oxygen levels in darker skin people, melanin disrupts the reading

• most medical devices are geared toward lighter individuals

Anxiety DIsorders

• Anxiety Disorders

• Anxiety

• Fear

• Phobias

• Social Phobia

• Specific phobia - involves specific situations or objects ex, clowns, 13, heights, animals

• Acrophobia - fear of heights

• Claustrophobia - fear of tight spaces

• Agoraphobia - an irrational fear of public places

• Panic disorder - anxiety disorder involving repeated episodes of sheer panic attacks

• Generalized anxiety disorder - persistent and generalized anxiety and worry - 6 months or longer

• Obsessive Compulsive Disorder - repeated occurrence of obsessions and/or compulsions

  • Obsession is the engaging or intrusive thoughts a person cannot control

  • Compulsion is the repeated behaviors or rituals the person feels compelled to perform again and again

• Behavior Treatment

  • Flooding - a person is immersed in the sensation of anxiety by being exposed to the feared situation entirely

  • In vivo, flooding - actually immersed in a fear situation

  • Imaginal flooding - the client is immersed through imagination in the actual fear situation

• Graded in vivo - Clients gradually expose themselves to increasingly challenging anxiety-provoking situations

• Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy (VERT) - uses virtual reality in which the client is immersed in computer-generated environments that resemble the situations in the fear

• Thought stopping - a cognitive behavioral method in which the client learns to stop having anxiety-provoking thoughts

Panic Disorder

• panic attack - period of intense fear and physical discomfort accompanied by being overwhelmed and about to lose control

• Biologically

  • Respirator distress - shortness of breath, hyperventilation, feeling of choking

  • Autonomic Distress - sweat, heart palpitations, shaking and trembling, distress

  • Sensory - tingling, numbness, dizziness

• Having the occasional panic attack does not mean you have a panic disorder

Dissociative and Somatoform Disorder

• Dissociative disorders - a class of psychological disorders involving changes in consciousness, memory or self-identity

  • stream of consciousness

  • DID clients are blocking out extremely traumatic events

• Dissociative amnesia - inability to remember important personal details and experiences, usually associated with traumatic or stressful events

  • no physical cause of the amnesia, therefore it is a psychological

• Dissociative Identity Disorder - characterized by the appearance of multiple personalities in the same individual (Moon Knight)

• Depersonalization - a condition in which people feel detached from their own bodies

• Derealization - people feel a sense of detachment from their surroundings

• Somatic symptoms - involving physical problems and /or concerns about medical symptoms

• Somatic symptom Disorder - involving physical symptoms that may or may not be accounted to a medical condition

  • physical ailments beyond what is explained by a medical condition

Somatoform Disorders

• Conversion disorder - characterized by a change or a loss of physical function that cannot be explained by medical causes

  • hysteria, hysterical paralysis, hysterical blindness,

  • no physical cause for these symptoms

Illness Anxiety Disorder or Hypochondria

• extremely rare disorder affecting children and adolescents at 30,

• spend time in medical facilities seeking advice, avoid doctors believing they won’t take symptoms seriously creating more symptoms

3 Major forms of dd

• Dissociative Identity Disorder

  • multiple personalities

  • split personalities

  • linked to trauma or stressful events

  • alters have their own likes and dislikes

• Dissociative Amnesia

  • cannot remember essential information about life

  • can be specific moments of your life, entire life, or personality

  • limited to memories associated with traumatic events

• Depersonalization/derealization Disorder

  • feeling of being detached from your thoughts, feelings, and body, and disconnected from your environment

CHAPTER 9 Childhood development

Prenatal Development

Vocabulary

• Developmental Psychology - explores the physical, emotional, cognitive, and social aspects of development

• Continuity model - development involves quantitative changes that occur overtime, happens in small steps

• Discontinuity model - development progresses in discreet stages. Involves abrupt qualitative changes in cognitive ability and wars of interacting with the world sunned abrupt leaps

• Longitudinal Study - compares the same individual over an extended period of time

• Cross-sectional model - a study that compared individuals of different ages of developmental levels at the same point in time

• Cohort effects - results from a bina member of a particular generation or being raised at a certain point in history

• Zygote - fertilized egg cell

• Germinal Stage - prenatal development that spans from fertilization through implantation

• Fertilization - the union of the sperm and ovum

• Uterus - Pear-shaped muscle, fertilized ovum becomes implanted and develops to term

• Embryonic Stage - from implantation through the 8th week where major organ systems begin to form

• Embryo - developing organism at the early stage of prenatal development

• Neural tube - an area where the nervous system develops

• Amniotic sac - uterine sac that contains the fetus

• Placenta - the organ that provides the exchange of nutrients and waste btw the mother and fetus

• Fetal stage - fetus develops beginning at 9 weeks to birth

Threats to Prenatal vocab

• Spina Bifida - neural tube defect where the child is born with a hole in the tube surrounding the spine

• teratogen - derived from the Greek “Tetra” meaning monster certain environmental influences, drinking, smoking

• Rubella (German measles) - common childhood disease which can lead to serious birth defects, heart disease, deaf, mental retarrdation

• Smoking - can lead to miscarriage or premature birth, low birth weight and increased infant mortality

• Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) - sudden and unexplained death of infants in their cribs

  • result of a mother smoking too much during pregnancy

  • develops childhood asthma as well as developmental problems

• Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) - caused by a mother drinking during pregnancy

  • Child shows developmental delays and facial deformities

  • no cure for FAS

  • alcohol can kill cells that help with the development of the baby

Prenatal Testing

• Amniocentesis - performed btw 16 - 18 weeks, a technique to diagnose fetal abnormalities by extracting fetal cells

• Chorion - the membrane that contains the amniotic sac and fetus

• Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS) - performed several weeks earlier than amniocentesis

Down Syndrome

• A genetic disorder that happens when the division results in an extra full or partial copy of Chromosome 21

• The extra genetic material causes the developmental and physical changes of Down Syndrome

• Down Syndrome has different severities

Vocab

• Rooting reflex - reflexive turning of the baby's head to a touch stimulus

• Eyeblink reflex - reflexive blinking of the eyes that protects the newborn from bright lights

• Sucking reflex - rhythmic sucking response to stimulation of the tongue or mouth

• Babinksin Reflex - plantar response baby toes fan out or curl when stroked along the sole of the foot - helps determine proper neurological development

• Moro Reflex - when a baby loses support and arches their back, The baby brings in their hands like they are grabbing a hold of something

• Infant control habituation model - a technique to use whether infants can discriminate, visually, among objects

• Temperament - characteristic style of behavior or disposition

Motor development

• motor development happens across the spectrum for babies at the same age in all cultures

• 2 types

  • Fine motor skills - which are the smaller movements

  • Gross motor skills - where are your bigger movements

Erik Erikson (1902 - 1994)

• focuses on the impact of how social interactions and relationships play a role in development

• Viewpoint- psychological development happens in stages

• Our personalities shape how we deal with psychosocial crises and challenges

• 8 stages - infancy, early childhood, play age, school age, adolescence, early adulthood, adulthood, old age

8 stages

• 1. Infancy Trust vs Mistrust (0 -1)

  • most fundamental

  • infant utterly dependent on parents

  • if a child can’t depend on the parent therefore the adult cant be trusted

  • Outcome if the child develops trust then they feel safe and secure in the world

• 2. Early Childhood Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt (2-3)

  • starting to gain independence and do things on their own making simple decisions

  • Skill Potty training - developing a sense of independence

  • Outcome Children who struggle may have a sense of loss of personal control

  • Success means autonomy and independence, failure means shame and doubt

• 3. Play age Initiative vs Guilt (3-5)

  • Children begin to assert power and control over the world through direct play and social interactions

  • Success - children feel capable and able to lead others, with a sense of purpose

  • Failure - children don’t acquire the skill and feel a sense of guilt or self-doubt, exert too much power they feel disapproval and guilt

• 4. School Age Industry vs Inferiority (6-11)

  • Children develop a sense of pride in accomplishments and abilities

  • Cope with new social and academic demands

  • Success leads to competence and failure leads to inferiority

• 5. Identity vs Role Confusion (12 - 18)

  • Teenagers are developing a sense of identity, exploring their independence, and developing a sense of self

  • Success - receive proper encouragement they develop a sense of self

  • Failure - if not reinforced the teenager feels insecure

• 6. Early Adulthood Intimacy vs Isolation (19 - 40)

  • Young adults need to form loving, intimate relationships

  • Secure means strong relationships failure means isolation

  • Believed forming relationships was important

  • All stages build on top of one another

• 7. Adulthood Generativity vs Stagnation (26 - 64)

  • adults need to have things that outlast themselves

  • Success leads to feeling useful, failure leads to less involvement in the world

• 8. Old Age Integrity vs Despair (65 - death)

  • Occurs during old age when adults look back on their life

  • Look back to have a sense of fulfillment

  • Success means a feeling of wisdom, failure means regret and bitterness

Jean Piaget

• Swiss psychologist - childhood development

• 4 stages of cognitive development

  • sensorimotor

  • pre-operational

  • concrete operational

  • formal operational

DISORDERS

Bipolar Disorder Vocabulary

• Bipolar disorder - a mood disorder involving manic episodes and disruptive experiences of heightened mood and alternating between major depressive episodes

• Manic episode - acute, but time-limited period of intense and unusual elation

• Hypomanic episode - a period of late mood but not as extreme as a manic episode

• Bipolar disorder, rapid cycling - a form of bipolar disorder involving four or more episodes within the previous year that meet the criteria for manic, hypomanic, or major depressive disorder

Bipolar 1

• at least one manic episode before or after a hypomania episode

  • some people suffer from psychosis manic episodes break from reality

• Some people have both major depressive episodes and mania usually lasting two weeks

• Diagnosis?

  • have one manic episode a week with or without a depressive episode

  • severe enough that it requires hospitalization

  • they can experience a mix of both manic and depressive symptoms

Bipolar 2

• experience hypomanic episodes but never experience a manic episode

• more severe because of the chronic depression that comes along with the disorder

• a person with hypomanic episodes could be seen as the “life of the party” leading to erratic behavior

• people cycle back and forth between hypomania and depression

Stats

• anybody can get bipolar regardless of age, race, sex, ethnicity, social status

• 2.6% of US population 18+

• 25 years is the age when Bipolar sets in but as early as childhood to 40s/50s

• Gender Gap - an equal amount of women and men are diagnosed with bipolar disorder but women suffer from more depressive episodes and rapid cycling

• 2/3 of people with bipolar disorder have a relative with the disorder - genetic

Bipolar and Children

• more likely to affect children with parents who have BP

  • one parent 15-30% to have

  • both parents 50-75%

• common among young adults 14-18%

• 20% of adolescents have major depression and then develop BP

• when manic children tend to be irritable and have outbursts than major depression in adults

Schizophrenia

Vocabulary

• Schizophrenia - a psychological disorder characterized by disturbances in thinking, perception, emotions, and behavior

• Psychotic Disorder - a psychological disorder characterized by a break in reality

• Thought disorder - a breakdown in the logical structure of thought and speech and loosening of associations

• Positive symptoms - signs of hallucinations, delusions in excess

• Negative symptoms - extreme withdrawal, social isolation, and apathy

• Disorganized type - a subtype of schizophrenia characterized by confused behavior and disorganized delusions

• Catatonic Type - bizarre movements postures or grimaces

  • Waxy flexibility - people rigidly maintain the body posture they were put in

• Paranoid type - most common type of schizophrenia. Characterized by delusional thinking accompanied by frequent auditory hallucinations