Unit V

Unit V: Bioreactors for Suspension and Immobilized Cultures

Overview

  • Understanding various bioreactor types is crucial for fermentation or enzyme conversion processes.

  • Focus on microbial and immobilized cell systems.

Key Concepts

  • Strategies for Choosing a Bioreactor: Consider reactor configuration, size, processing conditions, and mode of operation.

  • Types of Bioreactors:

    • Airlift Bioreactor

    • Fluidized Bed Bioreactor

    • Membrane Bioreactor

    • Photobioreactor

    • Biofilm Reactor

    • Single-use Bioreactors

Page 2: Strategies for Choosing a Bioreactor

  • The reactor is essential in fermentation processes.

  • Design involves scientific, engineering principles, and rules:

    • Reactor Configuration: e.g., stirred tank vs. air-driven vessel.

    • Reactor Size: Determines production rate.

    • Processing Conditions: Temperature, pH, oxygen control, and contamination prevention.

    • Mode of Operation: Continuous vs. batch processing, substrate feeding strategies.

Page 3: Cost-Determining Factors

  • Key Focus Areas:

    • Maximize product yield, concentration, purity, and productivity.

    • Minimize reactor size, costs, and contamination risk.

    • Optimize conditions, improve strain and media.

Page 4: Bioreactor Types by Size

  • Bioreactor choice influenced by culture volume:

    • Small-scale: <1 L (parallel units for screening)

    • Bench-scale: 1-10 L (classic for assays and processing)

    • Pilot-scale: >10 L (typically stainless steel, automated cleaning).

Page 5: Temperature and Sterilization

  • Adequate volume for samples, minimized evaporation losses.

  • Sterilization in bench-scale bioreactors using steam; single-use vessels possible.

Page 6: Novel Bioreactors

  • Types include pneumatically agitated, membrane reactors, and photobioreactors.

Page 7: Immobilized Cells and Enzymes

  • Definition: Confinement of cells without losing biological activity.

  • Bio-Encapsulation: Cells immobilized in microcapsules.

  • Applications: Cell immobilization for diverse reactions.

Page 8: Requirements for Immobilization

  • Desired characteristics include high mass-loading, ease of nutrient access, simple procedures, and biocompatibility.

Page 9: Active Immobilization

  • Methods:

    • Covalent binding and cross-linking.

  • Advantages: Enhanced stability and durability, control over process.

Page 10: Passive Immobilization

  • Methods: Entrapment and adsorption; easier processes with less risk.

  • Applications: Temporary immobilization for research.

Page 11: Classification of Immobilized Cell Systems

  • Based on physical localization (e.g., surface attachment, encapsulation) and microenvironment.

Page 12: Adsorption Methods

  • Various methods (monolayer, biofilm proliferation) for cell attachment.

Page 13: Design of Immobilized Cell Reactors

  • Mass transfer impact on reactor performance.

  • External vs. internal mass transfer limitations.

Page 14: Types of Immobilized Cell Bioreactors

  • Overview of reactor types used for immobilized cells.

Page 15: Three-Phase System

  • Bioreactors typically have solids, liquid, and gas phases.

  • Oxygen transfer is critical, especially in aerobic processes.

Page 16: Thiele Modulus and kLa

  • Important for designing and scaling bioreactors.

Page 17: Packed-Bed Reactors

  • Features packing catalytic materials in columns for substrate flow.

Page 18: Membrane and Packed Bed Issues

  • Potential clogging and challenges in regulation.

Page 19: Fluidized Bed Reactor

  • Solid particle fluidization for optimal mixing and mass transfer.

Page 20: Sections of Fluidized Bed Reactor

  • Describes the layout and function of FBR sections.

Page 21: Flow Regimes in FBR

  • Different gas-liquid dynamics affecting performance.

Page 22: Advantages and Disadvantages of FBR

  • Summary of operational benefits and potential drawbacks.

Page 23: Airlift Reactor

  • Characteristics of airlift design, useful for shear-sensitive cultures.

Page 24: Parts of an Airlift Reactor

  • Components and their functions within the system.

Page 25: Advantages and Disadvantages of Airlift Reactors

  • Benefits include simple design and efficient mixing; challenges include greater air throughput needs.

Page 26: Membrane Reactors

  • Utilization of membranes for separating cells/enzyme streams in continuous systems.

Page 27: Challenges in Membrane Reactors

  • Potential distribution issues in reactions.

Page 28: Perfusion Bioreactor

  • Continuous medium exchange maintains optimal cell conditions.

Page 30: Photobioreactor

  • Controlled environment for biomass production via photosynthesis.

Page 32: Single Use Bioreactors

  • Characteristics and implications for use in production.

Page 34: Kinetics of Cell Growth in Batch Culture - Monod Model

  • Assumptions and expressions related to growth dynamics.

Page 38: Significance of Monod Model

  • Analysis of kinetic behavior under varying substrate conditions.

Page 40: Performance Equation of a Batch Reactor

  • Focus on batch reactor material balance equations.

Page 41: Yield Coefficient of Batch Reactor

  • Explains biomass and substrate balance dynamics.

Page 50: Problem Solving Example - Batch Fermentation

  • Calculation of growth parameters based on data.

Page 51: Performance Equation of a Fed-Batch Reactor

  • Describes structure and operational focus of fed-batch processes.

Page 54: Substrate Balance Dynamics

  • Key equations relating to substrate consumption and production.

Page 56: Fed-Batch Applications in Industrial Processes

  • Example of penicillin production and parameters involved.

Page 57-62: Continuous Culture Dynamics

  • Emphasizes steady-state conditions and material balance principles in chemostats.

Page 63-66: Chemostat Models and Performance Equations

  • Detailed examination of biomass productivity and substrate utilization models.