chapter 11

Front: Arrhythmias

Back: Abnormal heart rhythms (dysrhythmias).

Front: Bradycardia and heart block

Back: Failure of proper conduction of impulses from the SA node through the AV node to the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His).

Front: Flutter

Back: Rapid but regular contractions, usually of the atria.

Front: Fibrillation

Back: Very rapid, random, inefficient, and irregular contractions of the heart (350 beats or more per minute).

Front: Congenital heart disease

Back: Abnormalities in the heart at birth.

Front: Coarctation of the aorta (CoA)

Back: Narrowing (coarctation) of the aorta.

Front: Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

Back: Passageway (ductus arteriosus) between the aorta and the pulmonary artery remains open (patent) after birth.

Front: Septal defects

Back: Small holes in the wall between the atria (atrial septal defects) or the ventricles (ventricular septal defects).

Front: Tetralogy of Fallot

Back: Congenital malformation involving four distinct heart defects.

Front: Congestive heart failure (CHF)

Back: Heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood.

Front: Coronary artery disease (CAD)

Back: Disease of the arteries surrounding the heart.

Front: Endocarditis

Back: Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart.

Front: Hypertensive heart disease

Back: High blood pressure affecting the heart.

Front: Mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

Back: Improper closure of the mitral valve.

Front: Murmur

Back: Extra heart sound, heard between normal beats.

Front: Pericarditis

Back: Inflammation of the membrane (pericardium) surrounding the heart.

Front: Rheumatic heart disease

Back: Heart disease caused by rheumatic fever.

Front: Aneurysm

Back: Local widening (dilation) of an arterial wall.

Front: Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

Back: Blood clot (thrombus) forms in a large vein, usually in a lower limb.

Front: Hypertension (HTN)

Back: High blood pressure.

Front: Peripheral arterial disease (PAD)

Back: Blockage of arteries carrying blood to the legs, arms, kidneys, and other organs.

Front: Raynaud disease

Back: Recurrent episodes of pallor and cyanosis primarily in fingers and toes.

Front: Varicose veins

Back: Abnormally swollen and twisted veins, usually occurring in the legs.

Front: BNP test

Back: Measurement of BNP (brain natriuretic peptide) in blood.

Front: Cardiac biomarkers

Back: Chemicals are measured in the blood as evidence of a heart attack.

Front: Lipid tests (lipid profile)

Back: Measurement of cholesterol and triglycerides (fats) in a blood sample.

Front: Lipoprotein electrophoresis

Back: Lipoproteins (combinations of fat and protein) are physically separated and measured in a blood sample.

Front: Angiography

Back: X-ray imaging of blood vessels after injection of contrast material.

Front: Computed tomography angiography (CTA)

Back: Three-dimensional x-ray images of the heart and coronary arteries using computed tomography (64-slice CT scanner).

Front: Digital subtraction angiography (DSA)

Back: Video equipment and a computer produce x-ray images of blood vessels.

Front: Electron beam computed tomography (EBCT or EBT)

Back: Electron beams and CT identify calcium deposits in and around coronary arteries to diagnose early CAD.

Front: Doppler ultrasound studies

Back: Sound waves measure blood flow within blood vessels.

Front: Echocardiography (ECHO)

Back: Echoes generated by high-frequency sound waves produce images of the heart.

Front: Positron emission tomography (PET) scan

Back: Images show blood flow and myocardial function following uptake of radioactive glucose.

Front: Technetium Tc 99m sestamibi scan

Back: Technetium Tc 99m sestamibi injected intravenously is taken up in cardiac tissue, where it is detected by scanning.

Front: Thallium 201 scan

Back: Concentration of radioactive thallium is measured to give information about blood supply to the heart muscle.

Front: Cardiac MRI

Back: Images of the heart are produced using radiowave energy in a magnetic field.

Front: Cardiac catheterization

Back: Thin, flexible tube is guided into the heart via a vein or an artery.

Front: Electrocardiography (ECG)

Back: Recording of electricity flowing through the heart.

Front: Holter monitoring

Back: An ECG device is worn over a prolonged period to detect cardiac arrhythmias

Front: Stress test

Back: Exercise tolerance test (ETT) determines the heart’s response to physical exertion (stress).

Font: catheter ablation

Back: Brief delivery of radiofrequency energy to destroy areas of heart tissue

that may be causing arrhythmias

Font: coronary artery bypass

grafting (CABG)

Back: Arteries and veins are anastomosed to coronary arteries to detour

around blockages.