Bitcoin Mining Notes
Unit Six: Bitcoin Mining
16.1 The Task of Bitcoin Miners
Overview
Bitcoin mining shares similarities with gold rushes, presenting challenges and risks. To become a Bitcoin miner, one must join the Bitcoin network and connect to other nodes.
Tasks Performed by Bitcoin Miners
Listen for Transactions: Validate transactions by checking signatures and ensuring outputs haven't been spent.
Maintain Blockchain: Obtain historical blocks and listen for new blocks.
Validate Blocks: Validate each transaction and check for a valid nonce.
Assemble a Candidate Block: Group valid transactions into a new block.
Find a Valid Nonce: Requires significant computational work.
Hope for Acceptance: No guarantee a block will be accepted.
Profit: Receive block rewards (25 bitcoins in 2015) and transaction fees.
Transaction fees have been a modest source of income, about 1% of block rewards.
Classification of Miner Tasks
Validating Transactions and Blocks:
Essential for the Bitcoin network.
Help the Bitcoin network and are fundamental to its existence.
The reason that the Bitcoin protocol requires miners in the first place.
The Race to Find Blocks and Profit:
Incentivize miners to perform essential steps.
Necessary for Bitcoin to function as a currency.
6.1.1 Finding a Valid Block
Process
Compile valid transactions into a Merkle tree.
Create a block with a header pointing to the previous block.
The block header includes a 32-bit nonce field.
Try different nonces to find one that causes the block's hash to be under the target.
Nonce
Begin with a nonce of 0 and increment by one.
If every possible 32-bit value for the nonce doesn't produce a valid hash, additional changes are needed.
Use an extra nonce field in the coinbase transaction.
After exhausting all nonces for the block header, increment the extra nonce in the coinbase transaction and search nonces in the block header once again.
Changing the Coinbase Nonce
The entire Merkle tree of transactions has to change.
Expensive Operation
Changing the extra nonce in the coinbase transaction is more expensive than changing the nonce in the block header.
Exhaustion
Miners spend most of their time changing the nonce in the block header and only change the coinbase nonce when they have exhausted all possible nonces in the block header without finding a valid block.
Difficulty
As of the end of 2015, the mining difficulty target (in hexadecimal) is:
0000000000000000295500000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
The hash of any valid block has to be below this value.
<1
in
ewline about
ewline 2^{68}
once nonces that you try will work.
Analogy
The number of possible nonces is greater than the human population of Earth squared. If every person on Earth was their own planet Earth with 7 billion people on it, the total number of people would be about .
16.1.2 Determining the Difficulty
The mining difficulty changes every 2,016 blocks and is adjusted based on how efficient the miners were over the period of the previous 2,016 blocks.
Formula
The intent of this formula is to maintain the property that blocks should be found on average once every 10 minutes.
Period
There's nothing special about 2 weeks, but it's a good trade-off. If the period were shorter, the difficulty might fluctuate. If the period were longer, the network's hash power might get too far out of balance with the difficulty.
Independent Computation
Each Bitcoin miner independently computes the difficulty and will only accept blocks that meet the difficulty that they computed
Consensus
Miners who are on different branches might not compute the same difficulty value, but any two miners mining on top of the same block will agree on what the difficulty should be.
Mining Difficulty Over Time
Mining difficulty keeps increasing, depending on activity in the market and factors such as new miners joining and the exchange rate of Bitcoin.
Hash Rate
Generally, as more miners come online and mining hardware gets more efficient, blocks are found faster, and the difficulty is increased, so that it always takes about ten minutes to find a block.
Step Function
The difficulty is a step function because it is only adjusted every 2,016 blocks.
Block Generation Time
Shows how many seconds elapse between consecutive blocks in the block chain.
Difficulty Reset
Every 2,016 blocks, the difficulty resets, and the average block time goes back up to about 10 minutes.
Growth Rate
Calculations show that this requires an astonishing 25 percent growth rate every 2 weeks, or several hundredfold per year.
Steady State
As mining is closer to a steady state, the period to find each block stays much closer to 10 minutes.
Difficulty Decrease
It can even take longer than 10 minutes, in which case there will be a difficulty decrease.
Death Spiral
One proposed scenario for Bitcoin's collapse is a "death spiral," in which a dropping exchange rate makes mining unprofitable for some miners, causing an exodus, in turn causing the price to drop further.
6.2 Mining Hardware
Core Computation
The core of the difficult computation miners are working on is the SHA256 hash function.
SHA-256
SHA-256 is a general-purpose cryptographic hash function that's part of a bigger family of functions that was standardized in 2001 (SHA stands for Secure Hash Algorithm).
256-bit State
SHA-256 maintains 256 bits of state. The state is split into eight 32-bit words, which makes it highly optimized for 32-bit hardware.
Iterations
A complete computation of SHA-256 does this for 64 iterations. During each round, slightly different constants are applied, so that no two iterations are exactly the same.
Manipulation
The task for miners is to compute this function as quickly as possible. To do this, they need to be able to manipulate 32-bit words, perform 32-bit-modular addition, and also do some bitwise logic.
Double Application
Bitcoin actually requires SHA-256 to be applied twice to a block to get the hash used by the nodes. The reasons for the double computation are not fully specified.
6.2.2 CPU Mining
First Generation
The first generation of mining was all done on general-purpose central processing units (CPUs).
Code
Miners simply searched over nonces in a linear fashion, computed SHA-256 in software, and checked whether the result was a valid block.
Double SHA-256
SHA-256 is applied twice
Speed
On a high-end desktop, you might expect to compute about 20 million hashes per second. At that speed, it would take you several hundred thousand years on average at the early-2015 difficulty level () to find a valid block.
Profitability
CPU mining is no longer profitable at the current level of difficulty.
6.2.3 GPU Mining
Second Generation
People started using their graphics cards, or graphics processing units (GPUs), instead of CPUs.
Design
GPUs are designed to have high throughput and high parallelism, which are useful for Bitcoin mining. Bitcoin mining can be parallelized easily.
OpenCL
In 2010, the language OpenCL was released. OpenCL is a general-purpose language to do things other than graphics on a GPU. This paved the way for Bitcoin mining on GPUs.
Properties
Easily available and easy for amateurs to set up.
Most accessible high-end hardware available to the general public.
Designed for parallelism.
Some GPUs have specific instructions to do bitwise operations.
Most GPUs can be overclocked.
Overclocking
Say you can run your GPU 50 percent faster, but doing so will cause errors in the SHA-256 computation up to 30 percent of the time
Throughput
In the above example, the throughput is 1.5x compared to not overclocking, whereas the success rate is 0.7x. The product is 1.05 expected profits by 5 percent.
Multiple GPUs
You can drive many GPUs from one motherboard and CPU. So you can attach multiple graphics cards to the computer that runs your Bitcoin node.
Disadvantages
GPUs have a lot of video processing hardware that can't be used for mining.
A large number of floating-point units are not used in SHA-256.
GPUs don't have optimal thermal characteristics.
Can overheat when stacked.
consume a fairly large amount of power.
You had to either build your own board or buy expensive boards to house multiple graphics cards.
On a really high-end GPU with aggressive tuning, you might get as high as 200 million hashes per second.
Demise
GPU mining is basically dead for Bitcoin today.
6.2.4 Mining with Field-Programmable Gate Arrays
Third Generation
Around 2011, some miners started switching from GPUs to field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs).
Verilog
The first implementation of Bitcoin mining came out in Verilog, a hardware design language used to program FPGAs.
Rationale
Approximate the performance of custom hardware while allowing customization or reconfiguration.
Advantages
Offer better performance than GPUs, particularly on "bit fiddling" operations.
Cooling is easier.
You can theoretically use nearly all of the transistors on the card for mining.
Can pack many FPGAs together and drive them from one central unit.
Throughput
Using an FPGA with a careful implementation, you might get up to 1 gigahash per second, or a billion hashes per second.
Limitations
Malfunctions due to being driven harder than designed for.
Difficult to optimize the 32-bit addition step.
Less accessible.
Marginally improved cost-performance over GPUs.
Duration
The days of FPGA mining were far more limited, lasting only a few months before customized chips arrived.
6.2.5 Mining with Application-Specific Integrated Circuits
Current Era
Mining today is dominated by Bitcoin application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs).
Design and Optimization
These are chips that are designed, built, and optimized for the sole purpose of mining bitcoins.
Expertise Required
Designing ASICs requires considerable expertise, and their lead time is also quite long.
Turnaround
This may be the fastest turnaround time from specifying a problem to delivering working chips in the history of integrated circuits.
Issues
The first few generations of Bitcoin ASICS were quite buggy, most didn't deliver the promised performance numbers.
Lifetime
Until 2014 the lifetime of ASICS was quite short, with most boards in the early ASIC era becoming obsolete in about 6 months.
Profits
During this time, the bulk of the profits were made up front. Often miners made half of the expected profits for the lifetime of the ASIC during just the first 6 weeks of using the chips
Shipping
Shipping speed became a crucial factor in making a profit.
Frustrated customer
Due to the immaturity of the industry, consumers often experienced shipping delays, with boards nearly obsolete by the time they arrived.
Economics
For much of Bitcoin's history, the economics of mining haven't been favorable to the small miner who wants to go online, order mining equipment, and start making money
Prediction
In most cases, people who placed orders for mining hardware should have lost money based on the rapid increase in mining difficulty.
Bitcoin exchange rate
However, until 2013 the exchange rate of Bitcoin rose enough to prevent most miners from losing money outright
Investment advice
In effect, mining has been an expensive way to bet that- the price of Bitcoin would rise, and many miners- even though they've made money mining Bitcoins would have been better off if they had just taken the money that they were going to spend on mining equipment, invested- it in bitcoins, and eventually sold them at a profit.
Caution
However, mining is not an advisable way to make money. Most ASICS sold commercially today are unlikely to pay for themselves in mining rewards once you factor in the price of electricity and cooling.
6.2.6 Professional Mining Today
Shift
Today mining has mostly moved away from individuals and toward professional mining centers.
Operation
Exact details about how these centers operate are not well known, because companies protect their setups to maintain a competitive advantage.
Profitability
Presumably, these operations maintain profitability by buying at a bulk discount slightly newer and more efficient ASICs than are available for sale to most individuals.
Considerations
When determining where to set up a mining center, the three biggest considerations are climate, cost of electricity, and network speed.
Want a cold climate to keep cooling costs low
Cheap electricity
Fast network connection to be well connected to other nodes
Popular destinations
Georgia and Iceland have reportedly been popular destinations for Bitcoin mining data centers
6.2.7 Similarities to Gold Mining
Parallels
Interesting parallels between Bitcoin mining and gold mining.
Gold rush mentality
Both saw a similar gold rush mentality with many young, amateur individuals eager to get into the business as soon as possible.
Evolution parallels
Bitcoin mining evolved from using CPUs, to GPUs, to FPGAs, and now to ASICS. Gold mining evolved from individuals with gold pans; to small groups of people with sluice boxes; to placer mining. to modern gold mining.
Accessibility
For Bitcoin and gold mining, the friendliness toward and accessibility by individuals has gone down over time, and large companies have consolidated most of the operations (and profits).
equipment sales
Another pattern that has emerged in both endeavors is that most of the profits have been earned by those selling equipment, whether gold pans or mining ASICS, at the expense of individuals hoping to strike it rich.
6.2.8 The Future
Domination of ASIC
Currently ASIC mining is the only realistic means to be profitable in Bitcoin, it's not very friendly to small miners.
Questions
raises a few questions about what will happen going forward.
Are small miners out of Bitcoin mining forever, or is there a way to reincorporate them?
Does ASIC mining and the development of professional mining centers violate the original vision of Bitcoin?
Satoshi Nakamoto's vision
Which was to have a completely decentralized system in which every individual in the network mined on their own computer?
CPU only system
If this is indeed a violation of Satoshi Nakamoto's original vision for Bitcoin, would we be better off with a system in which the only way to mine is with CPUs?
6.2.9 The Cycle Repeats Itself
Altcoins
Several smaller altcoins have indeed used a different puzzle than SHA-256, but have experienced a trajectory in mining that is similar to Bitcoin's.
Lead time
For ASICS, there is still a long lead time between designing a chip and shipping it, so if a new altcoin uses a new puzzle (even if only anmodified version of SHA-256), this will buy some time in which ASICS are not yet available.
Altcoin strategy
mining will proceed just Bitcoin did: from CPUs to GPUS and/or FPGAs to ASICS (if the altcoin is very successful, e.g., LiteCoin).
Pioneer new altcoins
One strategy for smaller miners may be to try to pioneer new altcoins that aren't yet valuable enough for large mining groups to invest in just like small gold miners who have been driven out of proven goldfields might try prospecting unproven new areas.
Significant risk
Of course, such pioneers would face a significant risk that the novel altcoin will never succeed.
6.3 Energy Consumption and Ecology
Concerns
We saw how large professional mining data centers have taken over the business of Bitcoin mining, and how this parallels the movement to pit mining in gold mining. You may be aware that pit mines have been a major source of concern over the years due to the damage they cause to the environment Bitcoin is not quite at that level yet, but it is starting to use a significant amount of energy
Impact
has become a topic of discussion. In this section we discuss how much Bitcoin mining is using and what the are for both the currency and our planet.
6.3.1 Thermodynamic Limits
Landauer's principle
A physical law developed by Ralph Landauer in the 1960s states that any irreversible computation must use a minimum amount of energy Logically, irreversible computations can be thought of as those that lose information Specifically, the principle states that erasing any bit must consume a minimum of joules
The Formula
Where k is the Boltzmann constant (approximately joules per kelvin), T is the temperature of the circuit in kelvins, and is the natural logarithm of 2, roughly 0.69.
Tiny Energy
This is a tiny amount of energy per bit, but it does provide a hard lower bound on energy usage from basic physics.
Implication
Every time you flip one bit in an irreversible way, a minimum number of joules has to be used. Energy is never destroyed it's converted from one form to another. In the case of computation, the energy is mostly transformed from electricity, which is useful, high- grade energy, into heat, which dissipates in the environment.
Irreversible
As a cryptographic hash function, SHA-256 is not a reversible computation. This is a basic requirement of cryptographic hash functions.
Energy Consumption
So, since irreversible computation has to use some energy, and SHA-256 the basis of Bitcoin mining is not reversible energy consumption is an inevitable result of Bitcoin mining
Efficiency
That said, the limits placed by Landauer's principle are far below the amount of electricity that is being used today. We're nowhere close to the theoretical optimal consumption of computing.
How Bitcoin mining uses energy
Embodied Energy
Electricity
Cooling
Embodied Energy
Bitcoin mining equipment needs to be manufactured This requires physical mining of raw materials as well as turning these raw materials into a Bitcoin mining ASIC, both of which require energy. This is the embodied energy
Future Trends
Hopefully, over time the embodied energy will go down as less and less new capacity comes online. As fewer people are buying new mining ASICS, the equipment will become obsolete less quickly, and the embodied energy will be amortized over years of mining.
Electricity
When your ASIC is powered on and mining, it consumes electricity This is the step that we know has to consume energy due to Landauer's principle
Rig efficiency
As mining rigs become more efficient, the electrical energy costs will go down
Permanent necessity
we know that they will never disappear; electrical energy consumption will be a fact of life for Bitcoin miners forever.
Cooling Costs
Bitcoin mining equipment needs to be cooled to prevent it from malfunctioning If you're operating at a small scale in a cold climate, your cooling costs might be trivial
extra costs
Even in cold climates, once enough ASICS are packed in a small space, you're going to have to pay extra to cool off your equipment from all the waste heat that it is generating. Generally, the energy
used to cool off mining equipment will also be in the form of electricity.
6.3.2 Mining at Scale
Embodied energy
Both embodied energy and electricity decrease (per unit of mining work completed) when operating at a large scale It's cheaper to build chips that are designed to run in a large data center, and you can deliver the power more efficiently, because you don't need as many power supplies
Cooling
When it comes to cooling, however, the opposite is usually true: cooling costs tend to increase the larger your scale is. If you want to run a large operation and have a lot of Bitcoin mining equipment all in one place, there's less air for the heat to dissipate into in the area surrounding your equipment. Your cooling budget will therefore increase at scale (per unit of mining work completed)
6.3.3 Estimating Energy Usage
Impossible precision
How much energy is the entire Bitcoin system using? Of course, we can't compute this precisely, because it's a decentralized network with miners operating all over the place without documenting exactly what they're doing.
Approaches to estimating
Top-Down Approach
Bottom-Up Approach
These figures are very rough, both because some of the parameters are hard to estimate and because they change quickly At best they should be treated as order-of-magnitude estimates.
Top-Down Approach
start with the simple fact that every time a block is found today, 25 bitcoins, worth about $6,500, are given to the miners. That's about $11 every second being created out of thin air in the Bitcoin economy and given to the miners
Calculation
If Bitcoin miners were spending all $11 per second of earnings buying electricity, they could purchase (367) megajoules per second, consuming a steady 367 megawatts.
Bottom-Up Approach
Ask this question: if the miners were turning all of that $11 per second into electricity, how much can they buy?
Industrial Electricity
Electricity costs about $0.10 per kilowatthour at an industrial rate in the United States, or equivalently, $0.03 per megajoule.
Hash Count
look at the number of hashes the miners are actually computing, which we know by observing the difficulty of each block
Most Efficient Hardware
If we then assume that all miners are using the most efficient hardware, we can derive a lower bound on the electricity consumption
Commercial Availability
Currently, the best claimed efficiency among commercially available mining rigs is about 3 gigahashes per second per watt.
Calculation
The total network hash rate is about 350,000,000 gigahashes per second, or equivalently, (350 petahashes per second.
Power Consumption
multiplying these two together, we see that it takes about 117 megawatts to produce that many hashes per second at that efficiency
What the figure excludes
This figure excludes all of the cooling energy
and all of the embodied energy that is in those chips
ballpark estimate
Combining the top-down and bottom-up approches, we derive a ballpark estimate of the amount of power being used for Bitcoin mining on the order of a few hundred
6.3.4 Is Bitcoin Wasteful?
Analogy
Does Bitcoin mining waste energy?
Scale
What does it mean to say that Bitcoin is consuming perhaps 10 such large power plant's output
Not disproportionate
compared
to all the other ways that we waste electricity for non-essential processes,
Serving a specific need
Bitcoin wastes energy, because it is hard to know if it is justified
Currency support
Maintaining the current currency system considerible energy is used up on
Agencies, currency proccesing services, as maintaining
If it is valuable.
So if we value Bitcoin as a useful currency system, then the energy required to support it is not really being wasted
alternative solutions
Still, it would be advantageous if we could replace Bitcoin mining with a less energy- intensive
What is an energy-intensive puzzle
and still have a secure currency.
6.3.5 Repurposing Energy
find a way to make more eco- friendly with Bitcoin
Data Furnace
Instead of buying a tradition electronic heat
What if it was heat to buy a furnace doubling as a Bitcoin miner
Electric Heater
There are few draw backs to this approach heat is as efficient as the furnace, and is as complicated to plug in the average electric heater
Drawbacks
Although is about as efficient to using as a electric heater much less efficient than gas heaters. Mining hashrate might go down seasonally based on how much heat do people need, might happen that in warmer weather mining might power down
Digital laws
The question of ownership is not clear. If you own a bitcoin furnace, do you get the Bitcoin mining rewards that the heater makes for you.
6.3.6 Turning Electricity into Cash
Bitcoin mining provides the most electrical form. In cost means the effects open to all for new forms of abuse
Energy Subsidies
Subsidized Electricity is intended on bringing buissniess That will give labour to the market and economy bitcoin may not attract this
Biggest issue
Out lets where people may plug this bitcoin miners to gain profits with others
Consideration
Monitor every power outlet in the world to look out for miners
6.4 Mining Pools
Miner income
Consdier the income and ecnomics of a small ammount of money you spend to by shiny new bit coin
Every 14 months the performance is such that
You will gain back from bit coin
$400 a month
Random Proccess
You donr ear nonthing until the next block come, mining is a random process.
6.4.1 High Variance
Risk
Historically when small busniess people deal with high risks they join each other for help. Farmers for example agree that their profits will be shared to each other if there bar fires downd
Mining pool solution
A pool where miner attempts to mine a group, pool manager where nonnesense is called noncence called pool manager is accepted, the reward, pool manager will distrbute the revernue from the pool for each of the mining process.
6.4.3 Mining Shares
Near valid blocks
miners can prove porbailisticly from how much they output from miner for near valid blocks
Proving work
miners show some sort of near valid blocks for miner to show there working at it.
Process
Pool manager will also run a bitcoin node and collecting all the transications in a block, the manager will send the bock to all particapants in the pool, so that they send send and approve
6.4.4 Proportional
In the process of the pool the money will be shared to them based of how much they put
The model
In the proportioal mode miners beer a ammout risk, in a large enough group miners the variance, and a higher risk for pool managers
In the proportional the pool mnagers have too verify the reward in how much did miners contibuted, it tskes to long to verify.
6.4.5 Pool Hopping
Switching pools
Miners are motivated to switch to different pools on differnt times, effectivly and will quickly get the block in.
Incentive in practice
Miners tend to find and be motivated ealry what to do to gain profit. In order to make the pool what they need to make good of
And switch depending on pool
What they expected is low.
Incomplete practice
Proportional Pools arent really practical, for a more comlpicated schemes like per N shares are submist.
6.4.6 History and Standardization
Start of pools
Mining pools first started aroudn gpu ear, it came quit quick by how it helped miners from losing risk.
There have been sugesstion that it needs to be standarized
Commutation
A programmibg interface for communicatio to send miners there work and the miner sents it to the pool back to send shares there finding
Minor inconvienece
The protocol is only a minor incoviece because to multplie incpativeable to mining pool protocol
6.4.7 51 Percent Mining Pools
solo mining
Nearly all miners are mining through pools, very feel miners mile sloy anymore.
Largest mining pool
Is one the largese mining pool got so big that they it more then what it needs.
This is something that the communitys has feared for along time it leading for A backslash on this big giant pool
Market Share
Has gone town by design.
For the pool that stopped new participat
concentration
Still two mining pool controlled the ecnormus power for the mining process.
This created the situatuion that it has not been atleased supercisially by how the situation looked on those times.
It still a concern that one of the pool acuring to mining power.
Hidden
actual concentration by how it particapate and hides them true color.
How is it to control the control of mining hardware.
6.4.8 Are Mining Pools Beneficial?
Benefits
The advantages of mining pools that it more prditcable, and it easer from small timer ti get involed in the game.
Withoud mining pools the variance will make many small time miners infeasibale.
Upgrading Netwrok
another advtanges that there is one poll mnager, to upgrade, so thers only so much, to update on software
Disadvantages
Ammount of open quiestion what has the actial amount to what the operator actually have, but is unclear it does happen in time.
Chain store
Another dsavtage is that reuduces how amout ammount of particpatn going to use
Pevoiusly it was a need where to have miner to run the full bicoin code.
They need all had to have the chain and vlaid every transiaciton.
Now moost miners will to there POOL manager
That is one of the reasion this is is reasions the nuermber is decreasing
6.5 Mining Incentives and Strategies
Default decisions
there are many decision make miners and is defauliing
And is possilbel that by defaluting you will get more profits. active area for scinerio straegris.
In any in the following discussion and we can a not deaulting miner controlls power in the power a.
6.5.1 Fork Attack
The simplest attck that can profited is that there 1is a dobule spend, sends the money from bib, is payments for any services used and included chains perhas[s from commin heirstic form, and to awiat xis confirmatio to be sure
Cincvd that bob have been perform or sells goods
Beginning Work
For an eraelir bofore contian transiaciotn from cob for forkchain.
The miner insnters double amount for cpins in paid or transion the mined to address form the chain.
For attack sucess to what is going to happen is not sucess the frork chainn that will do onger chains form payment from block chains. .if the attack minaers ha have. In the random Varration form bloock the chan to grower and onger.
Practical and what the attcker will do
For atackers might give the attcker long term potential.
Motivation and damage by losing comfidence for 51 percen of hashing will be the destroyment of currency for in the short term from doubel spedning, the migth serisously undermind there long term gaining and by the end result you
Destroyed exchange
Attack could possible crash the bitcoin exchange and exchange that the a exchange would as particpatents move wealth there way form the system
6.5.2 Forking Attack via Bribery
Easier way
Buying enough hard ware in the hash of the eapensive task. And by bribing it would be it would be an easer way to launch the forikn attacak
By cash ore Envelop of cash
You couold brive miners by several way. Create and for running mining pool and create lost.
For grreat infetives then any other other pools do. Even thought the incetive may. Not be sustatinable. an acttack to keep giong log enoughtto lancuh forking atacck
mechanics
cashing they are is instead of actually all minign you jus pay them on hlep.
Won want to help beucse would hurt what they a
Invest on, but in even though they do miners would not defect because to short term money but the short team and is not viable
6.5.3 Temporary Block withholding Attacks
Behavior
After if you find and announcment in temproa blocking attaack. and you not announcment . insdtead try to ge ahread done doon soem more mining and in hopes of what you fonded.
If you the block form of all what is and it can get pretty bad and and is the network be other miers to the mining powerr to the mining rewardds
Fortune Favors
Someone could just release a block one block a head.
And creasing it to a block form to ever miner.
And