Notes on the Lecture of Augustus and Constitutional Settlements

Good morning mentioned, signaling the start of the lecture.
The lecture focuses on Augustus and his constitutional settlements, characterized as either the "constitutional settlements" or "so-called constitutional settlements."
Emphasis on the gradual development of Augustus’ power over time, emphasizing manipulation and context behind his rise to authority.

Acknowledgment that Augustus controlled the armies, which was essential for asserting his authority.
However, the complexity of Augustus' rule extends beyond mere military might.
Importance of legal powers Augustus acquired—some of which were gained through the use of military force.

Main focus of lecture is on constitutional intricacies and technicalities of Augustus' power (referred to as imperium).
Augustus intentionally positions himself as non-monarchical because of the Roman aversion to kingship.
Claims to restore the "res publica" (the state), although his interpretation differs from Cicero's views.
Discusses how Augustus’ assertion of restoring the republic is more about state restoration than returning to the old republic.

Upon the onset of the civil war post-Caesar's death, there was no established blueprint for governance.
By 14 AD, when Augustus dies, a blueprint for empire has emerged, but this was developed over his 45 years in power.

Reference to Ronald Syme's seminal work published in 1939 entitled "The Roman Revolution," which has greatly influenced scholarship regarding Augustan Rome.
Though scholarship has evolved, Syme's work remains essential for understanding Augustus’ methods and the paradox of restoration alongside revolutionary changes.
Importance of prosopography in Syme's analysis, highlighting the social structures that supported Augustus' rise to power.

Discusses Tacitus' historical viewpoint written with hindsight, interpreting the organization of state under Augustus as non-dictatorial but structured on the title of "Princeps."
Augustus appropriated the title "Princeps" to centralize power effectively within the state.

Augustus emphasizes his restoration of traditions and positions within the political sphere equating them with the state’s moral legitimacy.
Augustus’ power is carefully crafted through both the political narrative and the existing cultural traditions to legitimize his rule.

Introduction to the Res Gestae, a list of achievements inscribed on pillars for public record posthumously, derived from Augustus’ decrees and utilized for self-promotion and justifying his rule.
Discussion of the significance of the Res Gestae for understanding Augustus’ claims, showing that it was drafted over time and presented as a coherent narrative after his death.
Emphasizes the importance of repeatedly studying the Res Gestae—even experienced scholars find new interpretations upon revisiting this text.

Augustus raises armies, avenging his adoptive father, Julius Caesar, asserting his moral duty and gaining military support.
Senate's decrees and subsequent rise in status as consul were heavily influenced by control over legions, leading to more formal acceptance of his authority.

Discussion regarding the fasces as the symbol of imperium held by magistrates in Republican Rome to visualize power structures in Augustus’ control.
Recognizing the implications of this symbol throughout history, relating to modern political contexts (term fascism).

Examination of Augustus’ political maneuvers to assert control, such as gaining the consulship through the use of force, emphasizing interpreting historical narratives critically.
The significance of dates like January 7, 43 BC, when Augustus took command and was recognized in historical records.
Examination of the legal processes behind appointments and the importance of public assembly in legitimizing Augustus’ rise.

The opening statements in the Res Gestae underscore Augustus’ claims of having no power initially but gaining command for avenging the republic’s liberty.
Noted the context behind the assertions made during the civil war and the reshaping of narratives corresponding with Augustus' rule.

Details on political machinations, including the formation of the triumvirate to secure power and eliminate opposition, culminating in legislative developments following internal strife.
Augustus’ manipulation of public perception regarding power acquisition through legal framing (e.g., the vote granting powers of the triumvirate).

The first constitutional settlement marked by a significant speech to the Senate where Augustus originally emphasized power reduction and restoration claims.
Augustus received the title of "Augustus" after the Senate's recognition following his declarations of returning power to the state.

The progression towards recognized emperorship was rooted in two pivotal pillars: tribunician power and enhanced provincial authority.
Augustus' succession demonstrated a continuous adjustment of power balancing and reinforcement of his authority across various dimensions.
Ongoing conflicts with rivals and political strategy demonstrated adaptations to secure his position.

The lecture ends with references to further readings and upcoming discussions on Augustus’ long-term impact on governance and Rome's trajectory.
A clear directive for students to engage with the assigned texts to understand how Augustus’ actions laid the foundation for future rulers.

Sources such as Dio’s historical writings, and referencing scholarship on Augustus’ constitutional settlements are highlighted for further study.
Encouragement for students to actively engage with scholarship beyond surface summaries, as various interpretations contribute to a richer understanding of the historical context.