AP World History Notes: Developments c. 1200 to c. 1900

1.3 Developments in South and Southeast Asia (c. 1200 - c. 1450)

  • South Asia Political Structures:
    • Southern India remained more stable than northern India during this period.
    • The Chola Dynasty reigned over southern India for over 400 years (850-1267).
    • Northern India faced more significant upheaval.
    • After the Gupta Empire's decline, Rajput kingdoms emerged in northern India and present-day Pakistan.
    • The Delhi Sultanate, an Islamic state, ruled for 300 years (13th-16th centuries), bringing Islam to India.
  • Religion in South Asia:
    • Hinduism was the predominant religion before Islam's arrival.
    • Key differences between Hinduism and Islam:
      • Hindus are polytheistic, while Muslims are strictly monotheistic.
      • Hindu art and temples feature deities, while Islam prohibits visual representations of Allah.
      • Hinduism incorporates a hierarchical caste system, while Islam promotes equality among believers.
      • Hinduism recognizes multiple sacred texts, whereas Muslims follow the Quran.
  • Social Structures in South Asia:
    • Islam’s arrival had limited impact on the basic social structure.
    • Attempts to escape the caste system largely failed.
    • India’s caste system represents its most enduring historical continuity.
    • Bhakti Movement:
      • Emerged in the 12th century.
      • Emphasized the importance of emotion in spiritual life.
      • Focused on developing a strong attachment to a particular deity.
  • Southeast Asia:
    • The region was significantly influenced by its neighbors.
    • Includes modern-day Indonesia, Malaysia, Cambodia, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam.
  • Sea-Based Kingdoms:
    • Srivijaya Empire (670-1025):
      • A Hindu kingdom based on Sumatra.
      • Built a strong navy.
      • Prospered by charging fees to ships traveling between India and China.
    • Majapahit Kingdom (1293-1520):
      • Based on Java.
      • Had 98 tributaries at its peak.
      • Controlled sea routes to maintain power.
      • Buddhist kingdom.
  • Land-Based Kingdoms:
    • Sinhala Dynasties:
      • Located in Sri Lanka.
      • Originated from early immigrants, likely merchants, from northern India.
      • Buddhism arrived in the 3rd century BCE, making the island a center of Buddhist study.
    • Khmer Empire (802-1431):
      • Situated near the Mekong River.
      • Did not depend on maritime power.
      • Developed complex irrigation and drainage systems, leading to economic prosperity.

1.4 State Building in the Americas

  • The Mississippian Culture:
    • The first large-scale civilization in North America.
    • Originating in the Mississippi River Valley.
    • Characterized by a rigid class structure and a matrilineal society.
  • The Maya City-States:
    • Reached its peak between 250 and 900 CE.
    • Located in southern Mexico, Belize, Honduras, and Guatemala.
    • Organized into city-states, each ruled by a king.
    • Mayan kings claimed divine right.
    • Astronomy linked Mayan science and religion.
  • The Aztecs:
    • Originally hunter-gatherers who migrated to central Mexico in the 1200s.
    • Founded their capital, Tenochtitlan, in 1325 (modern-day Mexico City).
    • Constructed aqueducts and a large pyramid.
    • Developed a tributary system.
    • Government was a theocracy led by religious leaders.
    • Worshipped hundreds of deities.
    • Practiced rituals, feast days, and human sacrifices.
    • Women played a crucial role in the Aztec tribute system by producing cloth.
  • The Inca:
    • The Incan Empire was divided into four provinces with its own bureaucracy.
    • Implemented the mit’a system (mandatory public service) instead of a tributary system.
    • Inca means “people of the sun”.
    • The sun god, Inti, was the most important deity.
    • Priests played a key role in diagnosing illnesses, solving crimes, predicting battle outcomes, and determining sacrifices.
    • Developed sophisticated terrace systems for cultivating crops like potatoes and maize.
    • Conquered by the Spanish in 1533.

1.5 State Building in Africa

  • Political Structures in Inland Africa:
    • Sub-Saharan Africa’s development was greatly influenced by the Bantu-speaking people’s migrations.
    • Communities formed kin-based networks for self-governance.
    • Villages organized into districts, with chiefs resolving district issues.
  • Political Structures of West and East Africa:
    • The exchange of goods led to wealth, political power, and cultural diversity.
    • Islam's spread increased religious diversity, alongside animism and Christianity.
    • Mali:
      • Ghanaian state weakened due to wars.
      • Mali arose as the most powerful trading society.
    • Zimbabwe:
      • Prospered through agriculture, grazing, trade, and gold.
      • Rich in gold fields.
    • Ethiopia:
      • Christianity spread from the Mediterranean coast through Egypt.
      • Flourished by trading with India, Arabia, the Roman Empire, and the African interior.
  • Social Structures of Sub-Saharan Africa:
    • Small communities organized around kinship, age, and gender.
    • Men dominated specialized skills.
    • Women primarily engaged in agriculture and food gathering.
    • Enslaved people were prisoners of war, debtors, or criminals.
      • Owning enslaved people was a sign of social status.
    • The Indian Ocean slave trade occurred between East Africa and the Middle East due to demand for enslaved workers.
  • Cultural Life in Sub-Saharan Africa:
    • Traditional African religions included ancestor veneration.
    • Song lyrics were utilized to communicate with the spirit world.
    • African music featured rhythmic patterns and percussive elements.
    • Visual arts served religious purposes.
    • Criots (storytellers) preserved community history.

1.6 Developments in Europe (c. 1200 - c. 1450)

  • Feudalism: Political and Social Systems:
    • Feudalism provided security for peasants, equipment for warriors, and land for workers.
    • Wealth was measured in land due to the agricultural base.
    • The manorial system ensured economic self-sufficiency and defense.
    • Manors produced necessary goods, limiting trade and contact with outsiders.
  • Political Trends in the Later Middle Ages:
    • Monarchies gained power at the expense of feudal lords through bureaucracy and military.
    • King Philip II of France developed a bureaucracy.
    • The Estates-General, with clergy, nobility, and commoners, advised the king.
    • The Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453) between England and France fostered unity among soldiers.
  • Roman Catholic Church during the Middle Ages:
    • The Great Schism in 1054 split the Christian church into Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox branches.
    • The Church established the first universities in Europe.
    • Most medieval philosophers, writers, and thinkers were religious leaders.
    • The Church held significant power in the feudal system.
    • The Roman Catholic Church had a hierarchy of regional leaders (bishops) reporting to the pope.
    • Wealth and political power led to corruption.
  • Christian Crusades:
    • Europeans sought to reclaim the Holy Land (Palestine).
    • Economic and social trends promoted European invasion of the Middle East.
    • Crusades (1095-1200s) were a series of European military campaigns in the Middle East.
  • Economic and Social Change:
    • The middle class (bourgeoisie) grew, including shopkeepers, craftspeople, merchants, and small landholders.
    • Renewed commerce led to larger cities and frequent markets.
    • Jews:
      • Anti-Semitism was widespread.
      • Jews were expelled from England (1290), France (1394), Spain (1492), and Portugal (1497).
    • Muslims:
      • Faced discrimination.
      • Expelled from Spain in 1492 if they did not convert to Christianity.
    • Women lost rights due to increased patriarchal views.
  • Renaissance:
    • Revival of interest in classical Greek and Roman literature, culture, art, and civic virtue.
    • Johannes Gutenberg’s printing press allowed mass production of manuscripts, increasing literacy and spreading ideas.
    • Humanism emphasized individuals rather than God, promoting education and reform.

1.7 Comparisons in the Period (c. 1200 - c. 1450)

  • State-Building and New Empires:
    • The Song Dynasty in China progressed.
    • The Abbasid Caliphate fragmented due to invaders.
    • Mali's rulers created a more centralized government.
    • The Aztecs utilized a tributary system, and the Incas used the mit’a system.
    • Feudal ties weakened in Western European kingdoms but not in Eastern Europe.
    • Japan decentralized and became more feudal.
  • Four Types of State-Building Processes:
    • Emergence of New States: States arise on land once controlled by another empire.
      • Examples: Mamluk Empire, Seljuk Empire, Delhi Sultanate.
    • Revival of Former Empires: New leadership continues or rebuilds a previous empire with some innovations.
      • Examples: Song Dynasty, Mali Empire, Holy Roman Empire.
    • Synthesis of Different Traditions: A state adopts foreign ideas to local conditions.
      • Examples: Japan, Delhi Sultanate, Neo-Confucianism.
    • Expansion in Scope: An existing state expands its influence through conquest, trade, or other means.
      • Examples: Incas, Aztecs, East African city-states, Southeast Asian city-states.
  • State-Building through Trade:
    • Increased trade led to cross-cultural exchanges of technology and innovation.
    • Paper manufacturing spread from China across Eurasia, increasing literacy rates.
    • Europe benefited from exchanges with the Middle East and Asia.
  • Patriarchy and Religion:
    • Social organization remained patriarchal in most cultures.
    • Convent life for Christians in Europe and religious communities in South Asia provided women with opportunities for learning and leadership.
    • In China, women lost independence due to foot binding.

Unit 2: Networks of Exchange (1200 to 1450)

2.1 The Silk Roads

  • Causes of the Growth of Exchange Networks:
    • The Crusades facilitated expanding networks of exchange.
    • The Rise of the Mongol Empire:
      • Unified the Silk Roads under a single authority.
      • Respected merchants and enforced laws.
      • Improved roads and reduced banditry, enhancing travel safety.
    • Improvements in transportation:
      • Saddles for camels.
      • Chinese advancements in naval technology (rudder and magnetic compass).
  • Effects of the Growth of Exchange Networks:
    • Cities along rivers became trade centers.
    • China developed new financial systems, using flying cash (a system of credit) due to the inconvenience of transporting copper coins.
    • Increased demand for luxury goods from Afro-Eurasia led to increased supply through expanded production.
    • Demand expansion resulted in increased iron and steel manufacturing in China, encouraging proto-industrialization.

2.2 The Mongol Empire and the Making of the Modern World

  • Genghis Khan:
    • In 1210, attacked the Jin Empire.
    • In 1219, conquered the Kara Khitai Empire and the Khwarazm Empire.
    • By 1227, his kingdom stretched from the North China Sea to eastern Persia.
    • Mongolian soldiers were skilled riders and archers.
    • Instituted religious tolerance.
    • Established new trade channels.
  • Mongolian Empire Expands:
    • Genghis Khan’s grandsons expanded the empire.
    • In 1236, Batu led an army (the Golden Horde) into Russia, conquering kingdoms and demanding tributes.
  • The Long-Term Impact of the Mongolian Invasions:
    • The largest contiguous land empire in history.
    • Built a system of roads and maintained trade routes.
    • Transferred Greco-Islamic medical knowledge and the Arabic numbering system to Western Europe.
    • Centralized power after the Mongols declined.
    • Mongol fighting techniques led to the end of Western Europe's use of knights in armor.

2.3 Exchange in the Indian Ocean

  • Causes of Expanded Exchange in the Indian Ocean:
    • The spread of Islam connected more cities.
    • Increased demand for specialized products.
    • Trade of enslaved people.
    • Advances in maritime technology.
    • Growth of States to institutionalize revenue from trade.
  • Effects of Expanded Exchange in the Indian Ocean:
    • Some causes became effects over time.
    • Diasporic communities formed as merchants waited for favorable winds, leading to cultural interactions.
    • Swahili City-States:
      • Thriving city-states developed along the East African coast.
      • Trade brought wealth.

2.4 Trans-Saharan Trade Routes

  • By the end of the 8th century C.E., the trans-Saharan trade became famous.
  • Gold was the most precious commodity traded.
  • For over 700 years, the trans-Saharan trade routes brought considerable wealth to West African societies, like Ghana and Mali.
  • Merchants also brought Islam, which spread into Sub-Saharan Africa.
  • West African Empire Expansion:
    • Mali’s government profited from gold and taxed trade.
    • Timbuktu and Gao became centers of Muslim life and accumulated wealth.
    • Trade growth generated the need for administration and currencies.

2.5 Cultural Consequences of Connectivity

  • Influence of Buddhism on East Asian Culture:
    • Buddhism came to China from India via the Silk Roads.
    • Japan and Korea adopted Buddhism and Confucianism.
    • In Korea, the elite studied Confucian classics, while peasants followed Buddhist doctrine.
  • Spread of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam:
    • Indian religions (Hinduism and Buddhism) spread to Southeast Asia.
    • The Srivijaya Empire was Hindu, while the Majapahit Kingdom was Buddhist.
    • Islam spread through merchants, missionaries, and conquests across Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia.
  • Scientific and Technological Innovations:
    • Science and technology traveled along trade routes.
    • Islamic scholars translated Greek classics into Arabic.
    • Scholars brought mathematical texts from India and papermaking techniques from China.
    • Advances were made in hospital care and surgery.

2.6 Environmental Consequences of Connectivity

  • Agricultural Effects of Exchange Networks:
    • As China’s population grew, people migrated southward to the Champa rice region.
  • Environmental Degradation:
    • Population increases put pressure on resources.
    • Overgrazing outside Great Zimbabwe led to its abandonment in the late 1400s.
  • Spread of Epidemics through Exchange Networks:
    • The Mongol conquests transmitted the Bubonic Plague.
    • The Black Death killed one-third of Europe’s population.
    • About 25 million Chinese and other Asians died between 1332 and 1347.

2.7 Comparison of Economic Exchange

  • Similarities among Networks of Exchange:
    • The Silk Roads specialized in luxury goods.
    • Indian Ocean trade routes allowed exchange of heavy goods.
    • Trans-Saharan trade routes involved salt from North Africa and gold from West Africa.
  • Exchange Effects:
    • Trade routes led to the rise of trading cities.
    • Trading cities facilitated centralization.
    • Trading cities used their wealth to maintain routes and safety.
    • Trade encouraged standardized currency.

Unit 3: Land-Based Empires

3.1 Empires Expand

  • The Gunpowder Empires:
    • Large, multiethnic states in Southwest, Central, and South Asia, relying on firearms.
    • Included the Russian, Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires.
  • Europe:
    • The mid-1400s saw the end of plagues, the conclusion of the Hundred Years’ War, and the invention of the Gutenberg printing press.
  • Russia:
    • Linked to Europe.
    • Influenced by Mongol influence from Central Asia and Viking invasions from Europe.
    • Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible) expanded the Russian border eastward.
  • East Asia:
    • China’s Yuan Dynasty (Mongol) was overthrown by the Ming Dynasty in 1368.
    • During the Ming era, Europeans arrived seeking Asian trade.
    • In 1644, the Manchu established the Qing Dynasty.
    • Japan and Korea experienced parallel developments but with unique aspects.
  • Rise of the Islamic Gunpowder Empires:
    • The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires shared traits:
      • Descended from Turkic nomads.
      • Spoke a Turkic language.
      • Took advantage of Mongol weakness.
      • Relied on gunpowder weapons.

3.2 Empires: Administration

  • Centralizing Control in Europe:
    • England’s King James believed in the divine right of kings.
    • The Tudors relied on justices of peace.
    • France became more absolute under leaders like Henry IV, Louis VIII, and Louis XIV.
  • Reigning in Control of the Russian Empire:
    • The noble landowning class (boyars) was at the top.
    • Merchants were below them, and peasants were the most numerous.
    • Peter the Great: The Romanov Dynasty took control of Russia in 1613.
    • Peter reorganized the government by creating provinces and paying officials.
  • Legitimizing Power through Religion and Art:
    • St. Petersburg featured the Winter Palace in a European style.
    • Askia the Great of Songhai made Islam the official religion.
  • Ottoman Architectural and Artistic Achievements:
    • Istanbul remained a center of arts and learning; cultural contributions included the restoration of Saint Sophia.

3.3 Empires: Belief Systems

  • Protestant Reformation:
    • Lutheranism: Martin Luther opposed indulgences and simony, challenging the church with his 95 Theses and advocating “sola fide”.
    • Calvinism: John Calvin helped reform Geneva, Switzerland, emphasizing plain living, simple churches, and governance by church elders.
    • Anglicanism: King Henry VIII (England) established the Anglican Church, free of the pope’s control.
  • Counter-Reformation or Catholic Reformation:
    • Increased use of the Inquisition.
    • The Jesuits opposed the spread of Protestantism.
    • The Council of Trent addressed church abuses and reaffirmed rituals and education of priests.
  • Wars of Religion:
    • Germany: The Peace of Augsburg (1555) allowed each German state to choose Catholicism or Lutheranism.
    • France: The Edict of Nantes provided religious tolerance.
    • Thirty Years’ War: Culminated in the Peace of Westphalia, allowing each Holy Roman Empire area to select Catholicism, Lutheranism, or Calvinism.
  • Scientific Revolution:
    • Scientific thinking gained popularity in northern Europe.
    • Francis Bacon developed empiricism.
    • Sir Isaac Newton published Principia, combining terrestrial and planetary motion laws.

3.4 Comparison in Land-Based Empires

  • Military Might:
    • The Ottoman Sultan and Safavid Shah used slave soldiers.
    • Janissaries and Ghulams were often recruited from minority religious or ethnic groups.
    • The Ottoman Empire and Safavid Empire went to war over territorial claims.
  • Centralized Bureaucracy:
    • The Ottoman Empire taxed non-Muslims and peasants.
    • The Safavid Empire used taxation to encourage adherence to Shi’a Islam.
    • The Mughal Empire abolished taxes on unbelievers but later reinstalled them; also taxed peasants.
    • The Ming Empire issued paper currency.

Unit 4: Transoceanic Interconnections

4.1 Technological Innovations (1450 to 1750)

  • Developments of Transoceanic Travel and Trade:
    • Columbus connected people across the Atlantic Ocean.
    • Europeans traded sugar, tobacco, and rum from the Americas, enslaved people from Africa, and silk, spices, and rhubarb from Asia.
  • Classical, Islamic, and Asian Technology:
    • Prince Henry the Navigator supported exploration.
    • Newton’s discovery of gravitation increased tidal knowledge.
    • Improvements in cartography and new ship types improved trades.
    • Global trade rapidly expanded as a result of combining navigational techniques.

4.3 Columbian Exchange: Diseases and Population Catastrophe

  • Diseases:
    • Indigenous people of the Americas lacked immunity to European diseases.
    • Disease was responsible for the majority of deaths.
    • Spanish soldiers brought smallpox.
  • Animals and Food:
    • New crops and livestock were shared in both directions.
    • Europeans brought the horse, transforming American Indian culture.
    • European explorers took maize, potatoes, tomatoes, beans, peppers, and cacao back to their home countries.
  • Cash Crops and Forced Labor:
    • Sugar’s profitability increased the transatlantic slave trade.
    • Portuguese imported enslaved people from Africa.
    • Slaves died from harsh conditions.
    • Spanish pursued cash crops.

4.4 Maritime Empires Established: State-Building and Empire Expansion

  • African States:
    • Portuguese made inroads into the Kongo and Benin kingdoms.
    • Vasco da Gama invaded Swahili city-states.
  • Japan:
    • Restricted trade networks, persecuted Christians, and limited foreign influences.
  • China:
    • The Ming Dynasty restricted trade to limit outside influence.
  • European Rivalries on Five Continents:
    • The British East India Company had a commercial relationship with the Mughal Empire.
    • Portugal controlled a coastal trading post in Goa.
    • France controlled Pondicherry.
    • Britain intervened in India politically and militarily.
  • Continuity and Change in Economic Systems:
    • The Western European search for profit began with Columbus.
    • The Spanish established the encomienda system to access American resources.
    • European powers adopted mercantilism.
  • Types of Labor:
    • Slaves in the Americas and Africa.
    • Serfdom in Europe and Asia.
    • Indentured Servants in domestic and field work.
    • Free peasants worked on their own land.

4.5 Maritime Empires Maintained and Developed

  • Commercial Revolution:
    • The transformation to a trade-based economy using gold and silver.
    • Factors: European colonies, new ocean trade routes, population growth, inflation.
    • The high rate of inflation in the 16th and 17th century is called the Price Revolution.
    • The Dutch East India Company was highly successful as a joint-stock company.
  • Effects of the Atlantic Slave Trade:
    • Weakened West African kingdoms.
    • Slowed population growth.
    • Led to violence among societies.
    • African societies that conducted slave raids became richer.
    • African kingdoms became economically dependent on goods from Europe.
    • Improved diet spurred population growth.

4.6 Internal and External Challenges to State Power (1450 to 1750)

  • Portugal: Dutch and English pushed Portugal out of South Asia (external). Rebellion in Kongo allied with Dutch.
  • France: Fronde–civil disturbances against royal power (internal).
  • Russia: Cossack rebellion (internal). Pugachev rebellion (internal).
  • South Asia: Hindu Marathas ended Mughal rule (internal).
  • Spanish Empire: Pueblo and Apache groups rebelled in present-day New Mexico.
  • British Empires: Maroon Wars (internal to the colonies). Gloucester County Rebellion. Metacom’s War. Glorious Revolution (Overthrow King James).

4.7 Changing Social Hierarchies (1450 to 1750)

  • Social Classes and Minorities in Gunpowder Empires:
    • The Ottoman social system was built around a warrior aristocracy.
    • The Ottoman Empire was relatively tolerant toward Jews and Christians.
    • Merchants and artisans formed a small middle class.
  • European Hierarchies:
    • Royalty, aristocracy, emerging middle class, priests, and common people.
    • Nobles struggled for power with royalty.
    • Prejudices against Jews declined somewhat.
  • Political and Economic Elites in the Americas:
    • Peninsulares, Criollos, Mestizos, Mulatoes, Indios, N*gros.

4.8 Continuity and Change (1450 to 1750)

  • Transoceanic Travel and Trade:
    • The most significant change was the integration of the Western Hemisphere.
    • Technologies: astronomical charts, astrolabe, compass, magnetic compass, lateen sail.
    • The Columbian Exchange led to the Atlantic System.
  • Economic Changes:
    • Europeans established trading ports along the coasts of Africa and the Indian Ocean.
    • Arab, Indian, and Chinese merchants were displaced as Europeans dominated global trade.
    • European monarchs devised mercantilist economic policies.

Unit 5: Revolutions

5.1 The Enlightenment

  • The Age of Enlightenment was an intellectual and philosophical movement in Europe (17th-19th centuries).
  • Important Thinkers of the Enlightenment:
    • John Locke: Believed in government to preserve life, liberty, and property. Hypothesized people should be sovereign.
    • Hobbes: Wrote the Leviathan.
    • Montesquieu.
    • Rosseau.
    • Voltaire.
  • Feminism:
    • Olympe de Gouges fought for women’s rights.
    • Mary Wollstonecraft argued for equal education.
    • Activists gathered in Seneca Falls, New York.
  • Rise of Zionism:
    • The desire of Jews to reestablish a homeland in the Middle East.

5.2 Nationalism and Revolutions (1750 to 1900)

  • French Revolution:

    • France was running out of money.
    • Third Estate formed National Assembly.
    • Declaration of the Rights of Man.
    • France became a republic led by Jacobins.
    • Maximilien Robespierre.
    • French beheaded Robespierre.
    • Napoleon overthrew the Directory.
    • Napoleonic Codes (1804).

  • Congress of Vienna:

    • Balance of power maintained among powers of Europe.
    • Tried to erase the French Revolution.

  • Haiti:

    • Haitians revolted led by Pierre Toussaint L’Ouverture.
    • Jacques Dessalines became governor-general.

  • South America:

    • Napoleon invaded Spain.
    • Simon Bolivar helped them declare independence from Spain.
    • Jose de San Martin helped also declare independence from Spain.

  • Brazil:

    • John VI of Portugal fled to Brazil.
    • His son Pedro became the emperor of Brazil and declared it independent with a constitution.

  • Mexico:

    • Priest Miguel Hidalgo led a revolt against Spanish rule in 1810, who was later killed by them.
    • Jose Morelos picked up where he left off.
    • Independence achieve in 1821–Treaty of Cordoba: Spain recognizing their 300-year-old control of Latin America was ending.
    • Neocolonialism: independent nations still controlled by economic and political interests.

  • Other resistance movements:

    • Peru, West Africa, U.S., Sudan.

  • **Slavery & Class issues remained

  • Industry and Imperialism:

    • Industrial revolution in Britain can not be separated from Imperialism
    • Industrial countries gained power quickly to exploit colony resources.

  • Industrial Revolution:

    • Began in Britain in the 19th century–spread through Europe, Japan, and U.S.
    • Agricultural output increased significantly again–more people moved to cities
    • Urbanization was natural–london grew to over 6 million people.

  • Domestic System:

    • New advancements that changed production:
    • Flying shuttle.
    • Spinning Jenny.
    • Cotton gin.
    • Steam engine.
    • Steamship.
    • Steam-powered locomotive.
Assembly Line;
Interchangeable parts; Machines could be replaced or fixed quickly

  • Each worker had one small part in production–man became the machine.

  • Workers were overworked, underpaid, and working in unsafe situations–child labor was common

  • Despairing conditions

  • Formation of new social classes–aristocrats were those rich from industrial success, middle class of skilled professionals, huge working class.

    Adam Smith: success achieved through private ownership and free market (capitalism) governments removed from regulation = laissez-faire capitalism
    Start of stock market and other financial instrumentsKarl Marx: The Communist Manifesto–working class take over means of production and all resources would be
    equally–Marxism was foundation for socialism and communism.

Factory At of 1883:

Living conditions improved, middle class became larger, public education increased, social mobility became more common, & Slave trade abolished in 1807 Great Britain.

Women became more limited to their traditional roles. & Nationalist Movements

5.4 Industrialization Spread (1750 to 1900)

  • France had sparsely populated urban centers and was dealing with the French Revolution. These factors delayed the Industrial Revolution in France
  • Once Germany unified in 1871, it became a leading producer of steel and coal
  • The U.S. began its industrial revolution in the 19th century. By 1900, the United States was a leading industrial force in th e world
  • By 1900, Russia had more than 30,000 miles of railroad connecting its commercial and industrial areas
  • The first country in Asia to industrialize was the one that had the last contact with Europe in the 17th century: Japan
  • Indian shipbuilding ultimately suffered as a result of British official’s mismanagement of resources and ineffective leadership during the period of British colonization in the late 17th and 18th centuries. In 1830, Britain designated ships of the EIC as the Indian Navy
  • British East India Company controlled parts of the Indian subcontinent from 1757 to 1858
  • text was removed to lower India’s ability to mine and work metal. Steep British tariffs led to the decline of India’s ability to mine British tariffs led to the decline of india’s abilty to mine British tariffs led to the decline of india’s ability to mine & work metals.

5.5 Technology of the Industrial Age

  • The developments of the second industrial revolution were in steel chemicals, precision machinery, and electronics. Steel, an alloy of iron and carbon, became possible with the introduction of the Bessemer Process. the first commercial oil wells were drilled, Tapping into a vast new resource of energy

5.6 Industrialization: Government’s Role (1740 to 1900)

  • Muhummad Ali rose to prominence, and local leaders selected him to be the new governor of Egpyt

  • Muhammad Ali also pushed Egypt to industrialize. He had textile factories built to compete with those of the French and British

  • Between 1600 and 1854, Japan had very little contact with the rest of the world

    Japan: Conquistadores Matthew Perry in 1853 sailed into Edo and Tokyo Bay, asking for trading privileges with, the Japanese gave in to U.S. demands

  • Reforms by the Meiji State
    *formerly abolished feudalism 1868
    *Established a constitutional monarchy based on the Prussian model in which the emperor ruled through a subordinate political leader

5.7 Economic Developments and Innovations in the Industrial Age

  • New ways of organizing businesses arose during the Industrial Revolution. Some manufacturers formed giant corporations in order to minimize risk
    • Despite critics’ charge that corporations undermined individual responsibility, they became a common form of business organization in the united states
  • A culture of consumerism as well as of leisure developed among the working and middle classes of society in Great Britain and living standards rose for some

Unit 6: Consequences of Industrialization

Nationalist Motives for Imperialism

  • Colonial powers generally believed that they were inherently superior to those they subjugated. claimed to have proof of the intellectual and physical inferiority of nonwhite races

6.2 State Expansions from 1750 to 1900

  • Otto von Bismarck of Germany hosted the Berlin Conference