Mandatory Models for AP Exam

The takeoff phase is achieved, indicating that the state is industrializing and diversifying economically.
The state advances into a developed status.

In this stage, the state evolves into a mass consumer society.
This concept is rooted in Rousseau's theories, which suggest that the nature of state development answers the question of how a state progresses.

Wallerstein's perspective expands beyond the core-periphery model.
Core-Periphery Model: This model posits that the core countries exploit peripheral countries.
There is an inherent dependency: the core can only sustain its level of development by exploiting the peripheral states.
This underscores the exploitative dynamics in global economic relations particularly aligned with capitalism.

The concept of Complex Commodity Chain highlights global interconnectedness.
Specialization is emphasized; it is economically best for countries to focus on specific niches instead of producing everything locally.
Benefits of specialization lead to comparative advantage, enhancing a country's profitability in global trade.
The creation of commodity chains minimizes costs associated with production by utilizing international divisions of labor.

This theory states that both the semiperiphery and periphery depend on the core for stability and vice versa, highlighting mutual reliance in global economics.

This is illustrated through the concept of factory location, influenced by whether industries are bulk-reducing or bulk-gaining.
Bulk-Reducing: Factories are closer to resources to minimize transportation costs.
Bulk-Gaining: Factories are closer to the markets to meet consumer demands.

Proposed by Christaller, the model is represented by hexagons covering services in an area.
Hierarchical classification of urban centers:
  - Cities
  - Towns
  - Villages
  - Hamlets
Threshold: The minimum population required to support a business successfully (e.g., a Dollar General).
Range: The maximum distance consumers are willing to travel to access goods/services; for instance, Dollar General has a short range due to its affordability and convenience.

This model explains urban structure in concentric rings:
  - Central Business District (CBD): The innermost area, primarily commercial.
  - Industrial Zone: Surrounds the CBD, featuring factories.
  - Residential Area: Next, where working-class people reside.
  - Elite Suburbs: Outermost ring, where wealthier populations reside.

Reflects that larger cities exert a larger pull on surrounding areas; consumers prefer shorter travel distances.
Example of gravity influence: - People in Bowling Green are more likely to choose Louisville (1.5 hour drive) over Nashville (2 hour drive) due to distance.

Development in sectors radiating from the CBD rather than in concentric circles (i.e., radial).

A more modern interpretation of urbanism, proposing several centers of activity rather than one single CBD.
Cities following this model typically developed during and after the industrial revolution, e.g., Philadelphia, Cleveland, and Pittsburgh.

Size Rule: A method of understanding urban organization by dividing city populations sequentially.
Primate City Rule: The dominance of one city in a region, which is significantly larger than other cities (e.g., New York).
Megacities: Defined as urban areas with more than 10 million residents, whereas Metacities have over 20 million.

Explains the relationship between land cost and distance from the market center: - Land becomes cheaper the further one is from the central market.

Modern cities increasingly develop vertically due to high land values and zoning regulations that necessitate building height constraints.
This has led to a rise in urban sprawl and the proliferation of high-density housing arrangements, such as apartments.

It is crucial to remember all discussed urban models as AP exam requirements include knowledge of these models in detail.
Students should familiarize themselves with each model's unique attributes and implications to succeed.