Unit 6: Consequences of Industrialization

Nationalism: Belief in shared language, religion, or customs leading to a sense of greatness and desire for territory.
Social Darwinism: Applied Darwin's theory to humans, leading to "scientific racism" and the belief that industrialized nations were entitled to take over unindustrialized ones.
**Civilizing Mission:" Imperial nations believed it was their duty to develop the people they were conquering.

Diplomacy:
- Berlin Conference (1884-1885): European states divided Africa into colonial holdings without African input.
- British Royal Niger Company: Used contracts to acquire land from chiefs, promising autonomy.
Warfare:
- Boer Wars: British fought the Dutch in South Africa, leading to brutal conditions in refugee camps.
Settler Colonies:
- British takeover of Australia and New Zealand led to British settlers populating those lands.
- New diseases killed indigenous populations.
United States Expansion:
- Manifest Destiny: Conquered neighboring territory in westward expansion.
- Expanded into Southeast Asia after defeating Spain.
Russian Expansion:
- Conquered Siberia and expanded south and west.
- Developed Pan-Slavism, aiming to unite Slavic peoples.
Japanese Expansion:
- Expanded influence over Korea, Manchuria, and parts of China due to the Meiji Restoration.

Definition: Extending control over another state through economic means.
British in China:
- Opium Wars and Treaty of Nanjing favored British interests, opening more ports.
- Chinese authorities couldn't stop opium sales, giving Europeans an economic advantage.
- Internal rebellions and wars led to spheres of influence controlled by various powers.
Latin America:
- United Fruit Company: Gained control of land in exchange for building infrastructure, leading to economic dominance.

Economic Imperialism (CAUSE): Method states use to control places.
Economics of Imperialism (EFFECT): Changes in global economics due to imperialism.
Export Economy: Economy arranged around commodity exports; specialized in natural resource extraction.
- Colonies expected to buy finished products from colonizers, creating economic dependence.

Increased Migration:
- Technology (railroads, steamships) made migration easier and cheaper.
- Both internal and external migrants increasingly relocated to cities, contributing to global urbanization.
Causes of Migration:
- Environmental: Demographic changes and famines (e.g., Irish Potato Famine) led to migration.
- Desire for Work: Free choice to relocate or semi-coerced labor systems.
Forms of Labor:
- Indentured Servitude: Indian and Chinese workers moved throughout the British Empire under often unfair contracts.
- Convict Labor: British and French created penal colonies in Australia and French Guiana.
Social Effects of Migration:
- Home Countries: Gender imbalances due to male migration; women took on male roles.
- Receiving Societies: Ethnic enclaves formed; nativism and prejudice arose, leading to discriminatory laws like the Chinese Exclusion Act and White Australia Policy.

Civilizing Mission Backlash: Western education exposed colonized people to Enlightenment ideas, leading them to question imperial rule.
European Opposition: Some criticized imperialism's brutality and economic instability.

Direct Resistance:
- Yaa Asantewaa War: Asante Kingdom fought against British intrusion in West Africa.
New State Creation:
- Cherokee Nation: Arranged their own government after forced relocation in the United States.
- Zulu Kingdom: Successfully resisted British takeovers for a time in South Africa.
Religious Influence:
- Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement: Believed slaughtering cattle would drive away invaders, but led to starvation and British control.